Rig Veda Sukta 3
Mandala 2Sukta 311 Mantras

Sukta 3

Sukta 2.3

Rishi

Gṛtsamada (Bhārgava)

Chandas

Triṣṭubh

अयं सूक्तोऽग्निं प्रज्वलितं पृथिव्यां निहितं होतारं सिंहासने स्थापयति—यः सर्वान् लोकान् अभिमुखो भूत्वा देवान् यज्ञं प्रति नयति। तस्य शोधकं तेजोमयं प्रज्ञारूपं स्तौति, तथा हविषां—विशेषतः घृतस्य—वाहकत्वं, येन यागः सम्यग् संस्कृतो भवति यजमानाय च फलप्रदः।

Recitation with translationRig Veda 2.3

In this hymn

Addressed to

  • AgniMantras 1, 3, 9-11

    Agni is the kindled fire placed upon the earth, the purifying Hotṛ-priest, bright-minded and divine, who stands oriented toward all the worlds and calls the gods to the offering.

  • NarashamsaMantra 2Narāśaṃsa (a sacrificial deity/function allied to Agni)
  • DvarasMantra 5Dvāras (Divine Doors)
  • UshasMantra 6Uṣas
  • NaktaMantra 6Naktā (Dawn and Night)
  • SarasvatiMantra 8Sarasvatī
  • IlaMantra 8Ilā
  • BharatiMantra 8Bhāratī (speech/inspiration triad)

Mantras

Mantra 1

समिद्धो अग्निर्निहितः पृथिव्यां प्रत्यङ्विश्वानि भुवनान्यस्थात् । होता पावकः प्रदिवः सुमेधा देवो देवान्यजत्वग्निरर्हन् ॥

समिद्धोऽग्निर्निहितः पृथिव्यां प्रत्यङ्विश्वानि भुवनान्यस्थात् । होता पावकः प्रदिवः सुमेधा देवो देवान्यजत्वग्निरर्हन् ॥

Mantra 2

नराशंसः प्रति धामान्यञ्जन्तिस्रो दिवः प्रति मह्ना स्वर्चिः । घृतप्रुषा मनसा हव्यमुन्दन्मूर्धन्यज्ञस्य समनक्तु देवान् ॥

नराशंसः प्रति धामान्यञ्जन्तिस्त्रो दिवः प्रति मह्ना स्वर्चिः । घृतप्रुषा मनसा हव्युमुन्दन्मूर्धन्यज्ञस्य समनक्तु देवान् ॥

Mantra 3

ईळितो अग्ने मनसा नो अर्हन्देवान्यक्षि मानुषात्पूर्वो अद्य । स आ वह मरुतां शर्धो अच्युतमिन्द्रं नरो बर्हिषदं यजध्वम् ॥

हे अग्ने, मनसा न ईळितः, अर्हन्—अद्य पूर्ववत् मानुषात् देवान् यज। आ वह मरुतां शर्धोऽच्युतम्, इन्द्रं चाचलम् बर्हिषदि आसीनम्; हे नराः, यज्ञं सम्पादयत।

Mantra 4

देव बर्हिर्वर्धमानं सुवीरं स्तीर्णं राये सुभरं वेद्यस्याम् । घृतेनाक्तं वसवः सीदतेदं विश्वे देवा आदित्या यज्ञियासः ॥

हे देवाः, बर्हिर्वर्धमानं सुवीरं, राये स्तीर्णं, वेद्यस्याम् सुभरम्। घृतेनाभ्यक्तमिदं वसवः सीदत; विश्वे देवाः, आदित्याश्च, यज्ञियासः।

Mantra 5

वि श्रयन्तामुर्विया हूयमाना द्वारो देवीः सुप्रायणा नमोभिः । व्यचस्वतीर्वि प्रथन्तामजुर्या वर्णं पुनाना यशसं सुवीरम् ॥

नमोभिर्हूयमानाः देवीर्द्वार उर्वियाः वि श्रयन्ताम्—सुप्रायणाः। व्यचस्वतीः वि प्रथन्ताम् अजुर्याः; वर्णं पुनानाः यशसं सुवीरम् आवहन्तु।

Mantra 6

साध्वपांसि सनता न उक्षिते उषासानक्ता वय्येव रण्विते । तन्तुं ततं संवयन्ती समीची यज्ञस्य पेशः सुदुघे पयस्वती ॥

उषासा नक्ता च—नः उक्षितये सनता साध्वपांसि साधयन्त्यौ—वय्येव रण्विते—तन्तुं ततम् समीची संवयन्ती; यज्ञस्य पेशः सुदुघे पयस्वती च कुरुतः।

Mantra 7

दैव्या होतारा प्रथमा विदुष्टर ऋजु यक्षतः समृचा वपुष्टरा । देवान्यजन्तावृतुथा समञ्जतो नाभा पृथिव्या अधि सानुषु त्रिषु ॥

दैव्या होतारौ प्रथमा विदुष्टरौ—समृचा ऋजु यक्षतः—वपुष्टरा। ऋतुथा देवान् यजमानौ समञ्जतः—पृथिव्या नाभा अधि त्रिषु सानुषु।

Mantra 8

सरस्वती साधयन्ती धियं न इळा देवी भारती विश्वतूर्तिः । तिस्रो देवीः स्वधया बर्हिरेदमच्छिद्रं पान्तु शरणं निषद्य ॥

सरस्वती नः धियं साधयन्ती; इळा देवी, भारती विश्वतूर्तिः। तिस्रो देवीः स्वधया बर्हिरिदं निषद्य—अच्छिद्रं शरणं नः पान्तु।

Mantra 9

पिशङ्गरूपः सुभरो वयोधाः श्रुष्टी वीरो जायते देवकामः । प्रजां त्वष्टा वि ष्यतु नाभिमस्मे अथा देवानामप्येतु पाथः ॥

पिशङ्गरूपः सुभरो वयोधाः श्रुष्टी वीरो जायते देवकामः। प्रजां त्वष्टा विष्यतु नाभिमस्मे अथ देवाना॒मप्येतु पाथः॥

Mantra 10

वनस्पतिरवसृजन्नुप स्थादग्निर्हविः सूदयाति प्र धीभिः । त्रिधा समक्तं नयतु प्रजानन्देवेभ्यो दैव्यः शमितोप हव्यम् ॥

वनस्पतिरवसृजन्नुप स्थादग्निर्हविः सूदयाति प्र धीभिः। त्रिधा समक्तं नयतु प्रजानन्देवेभ्यो दैव्यः शमितोप हव्यम्॥

Mantra 11

घृतं मिमिक्षे घृतमस्य योनिर्घृते श्रितो घृतम्वस्य धाम । अनुष्वधमा वह मादयस्व स्वाहाकृतं वृषभ वक्षि हव्यम् ॥

घृतं मिमिक्षे घृतमस्य योनिर्घृते श्रितो घृतम्वस्य धाम। अनु स्वधमा वह मादयस्व स्वाहाकृतं वृषभ वक्षि हव्यम्॥

Inside Sukta 3

How it unfolds

  1. Where it opens

    Agni is kindled and established in the earth, standing toward all worlds as the purifying Hotṛ.

  2. Development

    Agni’s priestly capacity and luminous intelligence are praised; the hymn links cosmic order and ritual craftsmanship, showing how the rite is ‘shaped’ and made effective.

  3. Climax

    The sacrificial power is concentrated in the ghee-fed fire: ghee as Agni’s womb, seat, and dwelling, making him the perfect bearer of offerings.

  4. Where it settles

    A direct request: let Agni, strong as a bull, bring and enjoy the svāhā-made oblation, completing the exchange between worshipper and gods.

The deity: Agni

  • Cosmic functionMediator between human and divine realms: he conveys oblations upward, brings the gods to the rite, and maintains ṛta (right order) through the sacrificial exchange.
  • Inner significanceThe awakened flame of aspiration and discernment—an inner priest that purifies intention, concentrates mind, and translates human effort into spiritual offering.

The seer

  • Gṛtsamada (Bhārgava)Bhṛgu lineage (Bhārgava); associated with the Gṛtsamada family of Mandala 2 · Principal seer of much of the Second Maṇḍala, celebrated for powerful Agni hymns that establish Agni as Hotṛ and as the ritual’s central mediator.

Famous verses

samiddho agnir nihitaḥ pṛthivyām
Verse 2.3.1Defines Agni’s core identity in this hymn: kindled on earth, facing all worlds, the purifying Hotṛ who performs the divine sacrifice.Read verse 2.3.1 →
tantuṃ tataṃ saṃvayantī
Verse 2.3.6A striking sacrificial-metaphor verse: Dawn and Night ‘weave’ the thread and fashion the form of the sacrifice, expressing yajña as a cosmic fabric.Read verse 2.3.6 →
ghṛtaṃ asya yoniḥ
Verse 2.3.11Culminating ghee-doctrine: ghṛta is Agni’s womb and home; it seals the rite with svāhā and the request to carry the offering.Read verse 2.3.11 →

Attributes of the deity

  • Hotṛ (invoking priest)
  • Pāvaka (purifier)
  • Deva among devas; worthy (arhan)
  • Messenger and carrier of oblations
  • Ghee-nourished, radiant, intelligent
  • Upholder of ṛta through yajña

Also by this seer

  • Large portions of Rig Veda Maṇḍala 2 (notably many sūktas attributed to the Gṛtsamada family)
  • Agni-centered hymns that articulate the Hotṛ function and the ghee-fed fire symbolism
  • Hymnic formulations used as models for later śrauta-style invocations to Agni

The rite, step by step

  • Prepare and tend the fire-place; kindle Agni with kindling and ghee so he is ‘samiddha’ (fully lit).
  • Invite Agni as Hotṛ to face and encompass the worlds, and to summon the gods to the rite.
  • Offer ghee/oblations with svāhā, requesting Agni to carry them and to purify the sacrifice.
  • Maintain the fire with repeated offerings and recitation, affirming right order (ṛta) and ritual form (yajñasya peśaḥ).
  • Conclude with a final ghee-oblation, asking Agni to bear the svāhā-made offering and grant increase/protection.

Offerings

  • Ghṛta (ghee)
  • Samidh (kindling sticks)
  • Havis/oblations made with svāhā (general offering substance; later often including milk, grains, or soma in appropriate rites)

Frequently Asked Questions

It presents Agni as the central priest of the sacrifice—kindled on earth, purifying the rite, calling the gods, and carrying offerings so the yajña succeeds.

Ghee is the classic fuel and offering for Agni; calling it his “womb” and “home” highlights that Agni is sustained by clarified intention and properly offered nourishment.

It portrays the sacrifice as a carefully woven cosmic order: time (day and night) and right action together “shape” the yajña, making it harmonious and effective.

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