Upanishads - Paramahansa
SannyasaShukla Yajur Veda4 Verses

Paramahansa

SannyasaShukla Yajur Veda

《Paramahansa 奥义书》(传统上归属于《白夜柔吠陀》,并列入“出家/遁世奥义书”)阐述“至上游行者”(paramahaṃsa)的最高理想。其核心主张是:解脱依赖于对“我(ātman)与梵(brahman)不二”的直接智知;当此智知生起时,外在标志、仪式与社会身份可能成为自我执取的依托,故应舍离。至上游行者以乞食为生,于誉毁、得失、寒热等对待中保持平等心,并在一切众生中观见同一自性。

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Key Teachings

Paramahaṃsa ideal: the highest renouncer who discriminates the Real (brahman) from the unreal (nāma-rūpa)

Jñāna as the direct means to mokṣa; inner realization supersedes external ritual supports

Tyāga of identifiers: abandonment of sacred thread, tuft, staff, and fixed marks when they become ego-supports

Equanimity (samatva) toward heat/cold, honor/dishonor, gain/loss; freedom from praise and blame

Non-possessiveness and non-agency: relinquishing “I” and “mine,” resting in the witness Self

Universal vision: seeing the same ātman in all beings; compassion and non-injury as natural expressions of knowledge

Mendicant simplicity: alms, homelessness, minimal needs; wandering without attachment to place or community

“Bāla-unmatta” trope: social nonconformity as a sign of inner freedom, not moral laxity

Verses of the Paramahansa

4 verses with Sanskrit text, transliteration, and translation.

Verse 1

अथ योगिनं परमहंसं कोऽयं मार्गस्तेषां का स्थितिरिति नारदो भगवन्तमुपगत्योवाच । तं भगवानाह । योऽयं परमहंसमार्गो लोके दुर्लभतरो न तु बाहुल्यो; यद्येको भवति स एव नित्यपूतस्थः, स एव वेदपुरुष इति विदुषो मन्य...

于是那罗陀前往世尊处启问:“何者名为游行者之‘帕拉摩汉萨’?其道为何?其住位为何?”世尊答曰:“帕拉摩汉萨之道,于世间极其稀有,绝非普遍。若有一人如是,唯彼恒住常净;智者称之为‘吠陀之人’(吠陀证悟之体现)。彼大丈夫,其心恒安住于我;故我亦唯住于彼。舍离子嗣、友伴、妻室、亲族等;舍离发髻与圣线;舍离诵习吠陀与一切仪轨;并弃此‘宇宙之卵’(世间境界),可取兜裆、杖与覆衣——仅为维持色身并利益世间;然此并非根本标志。若问‘何为根本?’——此即根本。”

Sannyāsa and the rarity of the Paramahaṃsa; inner purity and Brahman-abidance beyond external marks

Verse 2

न दण्डं न शिखां न यज्ञोपवीतं न चाच्छादनं चरति परमहंसः । न शीतं न चोष्णं न सुखं न दुःखं न मानावमानौ च; षडूर्मिवर्जं निन्दागर्वमत्सरदम्भमदर्पेच्छाद्वेषसुखदुःखकामक्रोधलोभमोहहर्षाहंकारादीन् च हित्वा स्ववप...

帕拉摩汉萨不以杖行,不结发髻,不佩圣线,甚至不著覆衣。于彼无寒无热,无乐无苦,无荣无辱;远离六波(饥、渴、忧、迷、老、死)。舍弃毁谤、傲慢、嫉妒、虚伪、沉醉、狂妄、欲求、憎恨、乐与苦、淫欲、嗔怒、贪婪、迷妄、欢喜、我慢等诸相,自身之躯观如死尸。以其色身乃疑惑、颠倒知与虚妄知之因,既已被超越与消融,故恒常离著;彼为常觉;自立自住。我即是那寂静、不动、不二之乐智凝聚。唯此是我至上住处;唯此是我之发髻;唯此是我之圣线。由知至上我与个我本为一体,二者差别遂被斩断——此即沙昙耶(暮时修持)。

Advaita-jñāna and de-identification from body-mind; transcendence of dvandvas and ṣaḍūrmīs

Verse 3

सर्वान्कामान्परित्यज्य अद्वैते परमस्थितिः । ज्ञानदण्डो धृतो येन एकदण्डी स उच्यते ॥ काष्ठदण्डो धृतो येन सर्वाशी ज्ञानवर्जितः । स याति नरकान्घोरान्महारौरवसंज्ञकान् ॥ इदमन्तरं ज्ञात्वा स परमहंसः ॥ ३॥

舍离一切欲求,其至上安住在不二之境。持“智慧之杖”者,名为一杖行者(ekadaṇḍin)。若仅持木杖者——饮食无择、缺乏真知——将堕入名为摩诃劳罗婆(Mahāraurava)的可怖地狱。了知此中差别者,即为帕拉摩汉萨。

Jñāna as the true renunciant’s ‘staff’; Advaita-niṣṭhā and desirelessness (vairāgya)

Verse 4

आशाम्बरो न नमस्कारो न स्वधाकारो न निन्दा न स्तुतिर् यदृच्छिको भवेद् भिक्षुर् नाऽऽवाहनं न विसर्जनं न मन्त्रं न ध्यानं नोपासनं च न लक्ष्यं नाकाङ्क्ष्यं न पृथग् नापृथग् अहं न न त्वं न सर्वं चानिकेतस्थिति...

出家行乞者(比丘)以“希冀”为衣,即唯以不求自来的因缘为覆;无礼拜,无为祖先所作之svadhā祭仪;无毁亦无誉。随缘而食,任运而住。于彼无迎请亦无送神,无咒语,无禅观,无供奉;无所取的目标,无所求的欲望;非“别”亦非“非别”;非“我”非“汝”亦非“一切”。比丘唯安住于无家之住处。不可受取黄金等物;不应观世间,亦不以贪染之眼观之。若问“谁为障碍?”——确有障碍:若比丘以贪味观金,则成杀梵者;若比丘以贪味取金,则成杀我(Ātman)者。故比丘不应以贪味观金,不应触金,不应取金。凡入心之诸欲皆退转。处苦不惊,处乐不求;于爱著亦能舍离;于吉凶善恶皆无黏著;不憎亦不喜。诸根之动息灭时,唯住于自我;彼即圆满——安乐——一觉:‘彼梵我也。’如是成为所作已办者,所作已办者。

Moksha (sannyāsa/paramahaṃsa ideal) grounded in Atman–Brahman identity and vairāgya (dispassion)

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