Adhyaya 12

Sutra 1

सवर्णामप्राप्तफलां प्रकुर्वतो हस्तवधः चतुःशतो वा दण्डः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.०१ ॥

For one who violates a woman of the same social class who has not attained sexual maturity, the penalty is amputation of the hand, or a fine of 400 (paṇas).

Sutra 2

मृतायां वधः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.०२ ॥

If she dies, (the offender is punished with) death.

Sutra 3

प्राप्तफलां प्रकुर्वतो मध्यमाप्रदेशिनीवधो द्विशतो वा दण्डः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.०३ ॥

For one who violates a sexually mature woman, the penalty is the ‘middle’ mutilation (cutting of the middle finger), or a fine of 200 (paṇas).

Sutra 4

पितुश्चावहीनं दद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.१२.०४ ॥

And he should also pay the father/guardian an ‘avahīna’ payment (a compensatory amount as assessed).

Sutra 5

न च प्राकाम्यमकामायां लब्भेत ॥ कZ_०४.१२.०५ ॥

And no legal right of sexual access (prākāmya) is obtained in the case of a woman who is unwilling (akāmā).

Sutra 6

सकामायां चतुष्पञ्चाशत्पणो दण्डः स्त्रियास्त्वर्धदण्डः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.०६ ॥

If she is consenting (sakāmā), the fine is fifty-four paṇas; for the woman, the penalty is half.

Sutra 7

परशुल्कावरुद्धायां हस्तवधः चतुःशतो वा दण्डः शुल्कदानं च ॥ कZ_०४.१२.०७ ॥

In the case of a woman “blocked/held” by another’s bride-price (śulka)—i.e., already contracted to another through śulka—the penalty is cutting off the hand, or else a fine of four hundred (paṇas), and payment of the śulka as well.

Sutra 8

सप्तार्तवप्रजातां वरणादूर्ध्वमलभमानः प्रकृत्य प्राकामी स्यात् न च पितुरवहीनं दद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.१२.०८ ॥

If, after choosing (her), a man does not obtain a maiden who has begun menstruation and has reached seven menses, he is, by rule, treated as entitled (prākāmī). And he should not be made to give anything that diminishes what is due to the father (i.e., no improper deduction/withholding against the father).

Sutra 9

ऋतुप्रतिरोधिभिः स्वाम्यादपक्रामति ॥ कZ_०४.१२.०९ ॥

By obstructing her (proper) season (ṛtu), one departs from rightful marital authority/claim (svāmya).

Sutra 10

त्रिवर्षप्रजातार्तवायास्तुल्यो गन्तुमदोषः ततः परमतुल्योऽप्यनलंकृतायाः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.१० ॥

For a woman whose menses began three years ago, going to a man of equal status is not an offence; thereafter, even going to a man of unequal status is not an offence—if she is not provided with adornment/maintenance (analaṃkṛtā).

Sutra 11

पितृद्रव्यादाने स्तेयं भजेत ॥ कZ_०४.१२.११ ॥

Taking the father’s property amounts to theft.

Sutra 12

परमुद्दिश्यान्यस्य विन्दतो द्विशतो दण्डः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.१२ ॥

If, intending another person, one obtains someone else (i.e., secures the wrong person/party by misdirection), the fine is two hundred (paṇas).

Sutra 13

न च प्राकांयमकामायां लभेत ॥ कZ_०४.१२.१३ ॥

And no legal right of sexual access (prākāmya) is obtained in the case of a woman who is unwilling (akāmā).

Sutra 14

कन्यामन्यां दर्शयित्वान्यां प्रयच्छतः शत्यो दण्डस्तुल्यायाम् हीनायां द्विगुणः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.१४ ॥

For one who, after showing one maiden, gives another instead, the fine is one hundred (paṇas) when the substitute is of equal status; if she is inferior, the fine is doubled.

Sutra 15

प्रकर्मण्यकुमार्याश्चतुष्पञ्चाशत्पणो दण्डः शुल्कव्ययकर्मणी च प्रतिदद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.१२.१५ ॥

For one who has sexual intercourse first with an unmarried girl (i.e., causes her initial defloration), the fine is fifty-four paṇas; and he shall also reimburse the bride-price (śulka) and the related expenses and rites (vyaya, karmaṇī).

Sutra 16

अवस्थाय तज्जातं पश्चात्कृता द्विगुणं दद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.१२.१६ ॥

If, after waiting until pregnancy/issue has arisen from that act, he performs the subsequent act (i.e., delays settlement and acts later), he shall pay double.

Sutra 17

अन्यशोणितोपधाने द्विशतो दण्डः मिथ्याभिशंसिनश्च पुंसः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.१७ ॥

For planting another’s blood as evidence (anya-śoṇita-upadhāna), the fine is two hundred paṇas; and likewise for a man who makes a false accusation.

Sutra 18

शुल्कव्ययकर्मणी च जीयेत ॥ कZ_०४.१२.१८ ॥

He shall forfeit (lose) the claim regarding the bride-price, expenses, and rites as well.

Sutra 19

न च प्राकांयमकामायां लभेत ॥ कZ_०४.१२.१९ ॥

And he shall not obtain ‘prākāmya’ (any privileged/desired entitlement) when the woman is unwilling (akāmā).

Sutra 20

स्त्रीप्रकृता सकामा समाना द्वादशपणं दण्डं दद्यात्प्रकर्त्री द्विगुणम् ॥ कZ_०४.१२.२० ॥

If the woman is the initiator, consenting, and of equal status, he shall pay a fine of twelve paṇas; the female instigator shall pay double.

Sutra 21

अकामायाः शत्यो दण्ड आत्मरागार्थं शुल्कदानं च ॥ कZ_०४.१२.२१ ॥

When she is unwilling (non-consenting), the fine is one hundred paṇas; and he must also pay the bride-price as a means of securing her acceptance/attachment (ātmarāga).

Sutra 22

स्वयं प्रकृता राजदास्यं गच्छेत् ॥ कZ_०४.१२.२२ ॥

If she herself initiates it, she shall be sent into royal servitude.

Sutra 23

बहिर्ग्रामस्य प्रकृतायां मिथ्याभिशंसने च द्विगुणो दण्डः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.२३ ॥

When the act is done outside the village, and also in cases of false accusation, the fine is doubled.

Sutra 24

प्रसह्य कन्यामपहरतो द्विशतः ससुवर्णामुत्तमः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.२४ ॥

For one who forcibly abducts a maiden, the highest fine is two hundred paṇas, together with a suvarṇa (gold piece).

Sutra 25

केशाकेशिकं संग्रहणमुपलिङ्गनाद्वा शरीरोपभोगानाम् तज्जातेभ्यः (तज्ज्ञातेभ्यः) स्त्रीवचनाद्वा ॥ कZ_०४.१२.३५ ॥

Proof (for establishing) sexual enjoyment of the body may be derived from: hair-pulling (marks of struggle), forcible holding, embracing, or similar acts; and also from persons of that kind (or from those who know the facts), or from the woman’s own statement.

Sutra 26

परचक्राटवीहृतामोघप्रव्यूढामरण्येषु दुर्भिक्षे वा त्यक्तां प्रेतभावोत्सृष्टां वा परस्त्रियं निस्तारयित्वा यथासंभाषितं समुपभुञ्जीत ॥ कZ_०४.१२.३६ ॥

Having rescued another man’s wife who was carried off by an enemy force, swept away helplessly (e.g., by flood/current), abandoned in forests or during famine, or cast off as ‘as good as dead’, a man may cohabit with her only according to what has been mutually agreed in conversation.

Sutra 27

जातिविशिष्टामकामामपत्यवतीं निष्क्रयेण दद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.१२.३७ ॥

If she is of a distinguished social group, unwilling, or already has children, he should hand her over upon receiving an appropriate redemption/compensation (niṣkraya).

Sutra 28

चोरहस्तान्नदीवेगाद्दुर्भिक्षाद्देशविभ्रमात् ॥ कZ_०४.१२.३८अब् ॥

From falling into the hands of thieves, from the force of a river-current, from famine, or from being led astray/disoriented away from one’s region—

Sutra 29

निस्तारयित्वा कान्तारान्नष्टां त्यक्तां मृतेति वा ॥ कZ_०४.१२.३८च्द् ॥

—having brought her safely out of wilderness, when she was lost, abandoned, or regarded as dead.

Sutra 30

भुञ्जीत स्त्रियमन्येषां यथासंभाषितं नरः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.३९अब् ॥

A man may cohabit with another’s woman only as mutually agreed (as discussed).

Sutra 31

न तु राजप्रतापेन प्रमुक्तां स्वजनेन वा ॥ कZ_०४.१२.३९च्द् ॥

But not if she has been freed through the king’s authority/power, nor if freed by her own relatives.

Sutra 32

न चोत्तमां न चाकामां पूर्वापत्यवतीं न च ॥ कZ_०४.१२.४०अब् ॥

Nor (may he do so with) a high-status woman; nor with an unwilling woman; nor with one who already has children.

Sutra 33

ईदृशीं त्वनुरूपेण निष्क्रयेणापवाहयेत् ॥ कZ_०४.१२.४०च्द् ॥

Such a woman, however, should be conveyed/handed over by means of a redemption payment proportionate to the circumstances.

Sutra 34

जारं चोर इत्यभिहरतः पञ्चशतो दण्डः हिरण्येन मुञ्चतस्तदष्टगुणः ॥ कZ_०४.१२.३४ ॥

For one who seizes (someone) alleging ‘the adulterer is a thief’, the fine is five hundred (paṇas); if he releases him for money (i.e., takes gold as a bribe/extortion), the penalty is eight times that.