Rig Veda 4.18.12: Mandala 4, Sukta 18, Mantra 12
Sukta 4.18
Rishi: Vāmadeva Gautama (traditional attribution for Mandala 4; hymn 4.18 associated with Indra’s birth/early deeds)
Devata: Indra (with mythic allusion to birth and conflict with paternal power; mārḍīka as protective divine grace)
Chandas: Trishtubh (probable for this section; many verses in RV 4.18 are Trishtubh)
Samhita Patha (Devanagari)
कस्ते मातरं विधवामचक्रच्छयुं कस्त्वामजिघांसच्चरन्तम् । कस्ते देवो अधि मार्डीक आसीद्यत्प्राक्षिणाः पितरं पादगृह्य ॥
Transliteration
kás te mātáraṁ vidhávām acakrac chayúṁ kás tvām ajighāṁsac cárantam | kás te devó ádhi mārḍīké āsīd yát prā́kṣiṇāḥ pitáraṁ pā́da-gṛ́hya ||
Translation
誰が汝の母を寡婦とし、汝を捨て子としたのか。誰が道行く汝を殺そうとしたのか。汝が父を足をつかんで打ち倒したとき、癒しの慈恩をもって汝の上に立った神は誰であったか。
Word by Word
कःwho?
कः:
कर्तृ
TypePronoun
Rootकिम् (प्रातिपदिक) सर्वनाम
तेof you, your
ते:
सम्बन्ध
TypePronoun
Rootयुष्मद् (सर्वनाम)
मातरम्mother
मातरम्:
कर्म
TypeNoun
Rootमातृ (प्रातिपदिक)
विधवाम्widowed
विधवाम्:
कर्म (विशेषणम्)
TypeAdjective
Rootविधवा (प्रातिपदिक)
अचक्रत्made
अचक्रत्:
क्रिया
TypeVerb
Rootकृ (धातु) → चक्र (परस्मैपद)
शयुम्lying, abiding (as one lying)
शयुम्:
कर्म (विशेषणम्)
TypeAdjective
Rootशयु (प्रातिपदिक; ‘lying/abiding’, Vedic)
कःwho?
कः:
कर्तृ
TypePronoun
Rootकिम् (प्रातिपदिक) सर्वनाम
त्वाम्you
त्वाम्:
कर्म
TypePronoun
Rootयुष्मद् (सर्वनाम)
अजिघांसत्sought to kill, wished to slay
अजिघांसत्:
क्रिया
TypeVerb
Rootहन् (धातु) → जिघांस (इच्छार्थ/देशिदेराटिव् ‘to wish to slay’)
चरन्तम्moving, wandering
चरन्तम्:
कर्म (विशेषणम्)
TypeParticiple
Rootचर् (धातु) → चरन्त् (वर्तमान कृदन्त)
कःwho?
कः:
कर्तृ
TypePronoun
Rootकिम् (प्रातिपदिक) सर्वनाम
तेof you, your
ते:
सम्बन्ध
TypePronoun
Rootयुष्मद् (सर्वनाम)
देवःgod
देवः:
कर्तृ
TypeNoun
Rootदेव (प्रातिपदिक)
अधिover, upon; with regard to
अधि:
अधिकारण (सम्बन्धे/उपरि)
TypeIndeclinable (preverb/preposition)
Rootअधि
मार्डीकःmerciful, gracious
मार्डीकः:
कर्तृ-विशेषणम्
TypeAdjective
Rootमार्डीक (प्रातिपदिक; ‘mercy, graciousness’)
आसीत्was
आसीत्:
क्रिया
TypeVerb
Rootअस् (धातु)
यत्when; that
यत्:
सम्बन्ध
TypeIndeclinable/Relative
Rootयद् (सर्वनाम)
प्राक्षिणाःyou reached/attained
प्राक्षिणाः:
क्रिया
TypeVerb
Rootअक्ष् (धातु ‘to reach, attain’) + प्र-
पितरम्father
पितरम्:
कर्म
TypeNoun
Rootपितृ (प्रातिपदिक)
पादगृह्यhaving seized/held by the feet; at the feet
पादगृह्य:
करण/अधिकारण (रीत्या)
TypeIndeclinable (gerundial)
Rootपाद-गृह्य (समास; ‘by/at the feet’, Vedic absolutive-like form)
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