Adhyaya 2

Sutra 1

शमव्यायामौ योगक्षेमयोर्योनिः ॥ कZ_०६.२.०१ ॥

Restraint (śama) and exertion (vyāyāma) are the source of acquisition and security (yogakṣema).

Sutra 2

कर्मारम्भाणां योगाराधनो व्यायामः ॥ कZ_०६.२.०२ ॥

Exertion (vyāyāma) is the pursuit of acquisition (yoga) through the initiation of undertakings.

Sutra 3

कर्मफलोपभोगानां क्षेमाराधनः शमः ॥ कZ_०६.२.०३ ॥

Restraint (śama) is the pursuit of security (kṣema) in the enjoyment and use of the fruits of actions.

Sutra 4

शमव्यायामयोर्योनिः षाड्गुण्यम् ॥ कZ_०६.२.०४ ॥

The six measures of foreign policy (ṣāḍguṇya) are the source of both restraint and exertion.

Sutra 5

क्षयः स्थानं वृद्धिरित्युदयास्तस्य ॥ कZ_०६.२.०५ ॥

Its outcomes are decline, stability, and growth.

Sutra 6

मानुषं नयापनयौ दैवमयानयौ ॥ कZ_०६.२.०६ ॥

Human factors are sound policy and faulty policy; fate consists of favorable and unfavorable chance.

Sutra 7

दैवमानुषं हि कर्म लोकं यापयति ॥ कZ_०६.२.०७ ॥

For action shaped by both fate and human effort keeps the world functioning.

Sutra 8

अदृष्टकारितं दैवम् ॥ कZ_०६.२.०८ ॥

Fate is that which is caused by the unseen.

Sutra 9

तस्मिन्निष्टेन फलेन योगोऽयः अनिष्टेनानयः ॥ कZ_०६.२.०९ ॥

In that action, with a desired result there is acquisition/income (yoga/āya); with an undesired result there is loss/ill-outcome (anaya).

Sutra 10

दृष्टकारितं मानुषम् ॥ कZ_०६.२.१० ॥

The human factor is what is seen and what is made to happen (i.e., outcomes arising from observable action and deliberate agency).

Sutra 11

तस्मिन्योगक्षेमनिष्पत्तिर्नयः विपत्तिरपनयः ॥ कZ_०६.२.११ ॥

In that (human sphere), the successful accomplishment of security and welfare (yogakṣema) is policy (naya); the onset of calamity is policy-failure/decline (apanaya).

Sutra 12

तच्चिन्त्यमचिन्त्यं दैवम् ॥ कZ_०६.२.१२ ॥

That (other factor) is daiva: partly foreseeable and partly unforeseeable.

Sutra 13

राजा आत्मद्रव्यप्रकृतिसम्पन्नो नयस्याधिष्ठानं विजिगीषुः ॥ कZ_०६.२.१३ ॥

The conqueror-king (vijigīṣu), endowed with personal capability, resources, and sound constituent elements of the state (prakṛtis), is the institutional seat of policy (naya).

Sutra 14

तस्य समन्ततो मण्डलीभूता भूम्यनन्तरा अरिप्रकृतिः ॥ कZ_०६.२.१४ ॥

Around him, forming a circle (maṇḍala), the immediately adjacent territory constitutes the enemy-element (ari-prakṛti).

Sutra 15

तथैव भूम्येकान्तरा मित्रप्रकृतिः ॥ कZ_०६.२.१५ ॥

Likewise, the territory separated by one intervening land (the neighbor’s neighbor) constitutes the ally-element (mitra-prakṛti).

Sutra 16

अरिसम्पद्युक्तः सामन्तः शत्रुः व्यसनी यातव्यः अनपाश्रयो दुर्बलाश्रयो वोच्छेदनीयः विपर्यये पीडनीयः कर्शनीयो वा ॥ कZ_०६.२.१६ ॥

A frontier vassal/neighbor (sāmanta) possessing the resources of an enemy is a hostile power. One afflicted by vices/misfortunes is to be marched against. One without support, or supported only by the weak, is to be eliminated; in the reverse situation, he is to be harassed or worn down.

Sutra 17

इत्यरिविशेषाः ॥ कZ_०६.२.१७ ॥

These, then, are the distinctions among enemies.

Sutra 18

तस्मान्मित्रमरिमित्रं मित्रमित्रमरिमित्रमित्रं चानन्तर्येण भूमीनां प्रसज्यन्ते पुरस्तात्पश्चात्पार्ष्णिग्राह आक्रन्दः पार्ष्णिग्राहासार आक्रन्दासारः ॥ कZ_०६.२.१८ ॥

Therefore, in the sequence of contiguous territories, there arise: the ally, the ally of the enemy, the ally’s ally, and the ally of the enemy’s ally. In front and behind are (respectively) the rear-seizer (pārṣṇigrāha) and the distress-caller/raider (ākranda), as well as the supporter of the rear-seizer and the supporter of the distress-caller.

Sutra 19

भूम्यनन्तरः प्रकृतिमित्रः तुल्याभिजनः सहजः विरुद्धो विरोधयिता वा कृत्रिमः ॥ कZ_०६.२.१९ ॥

A natural ally (prakṛti-mitra) is one whose land is contiguous, of comparable lineage/status, and congenial by nature. An artificial ally (kṛtrima) is one who is opposed (to the enemy) or one who can be induced to oppose (the enemy).

Sutra 20

भूम्येकान्तरं प्रकृतिमित्रं मातापितृसम्बद्धं सहजम् धनजीवितहेतोराश्रितं कृत्रिमम् ॥ कZ_०६.२.२० ॥

A ‘natural ally’ (prakṛti-mitra) is one separated by intervening territory; an ‘inborn’ ally (sahaja) is linked through the mother’s or father’s line; an ‘artificial’ ally (kṛtrima) is one who seeks refuge/assistance for the sake of wealth or survival.

Sutra 21

अरिविजिगीष्वोर्भूम्यनन्तरः संहतासंहतयोरनुग्रहसमर्थो निग्रहे चासंहतयोर्मध्यमः ॥ कZ_०६.२.२१ ॥

The ‘middle king’ (madhyama) is the one whose territory is contiguous to both the enemy and the would-be conqueror; he is capable of favoring either a united or a disunited side, and of restraining a disunited one.

Sutra 22

अरिविजिगीषुमध्यानां बहिः प्रकृतिभ्यो बलवत्तरः संहतासंहतानामरिविजिगीषुमध्यमानामनुग्रहसमर्थो निग्रहे चासंहतानामुदासीनः ॥ कZ_०६.२.२२ ॥

The ‘neutral’ (udāsīna) is a power outside the circles of the enemy, the would-be conqueror, and the middle king, and stronger than them in resources; he is capable of assisting any of them—whether united or disunited—and of restraining those who are disunited.

Sutra 23

इति प्रकृतयः ॥ कZ_०६.२.२३ ॥

Thus (are described) the constituent factors / classifications (prakṛtayaḥ).

Sutra 24

विजिगीषुर्मित्रं मित्रमित्रं वास्य प्रकृतयस्तिस्रः ॥ कZ_०६.२.२४ ॥

For him (the would-be conqueror), the constituent political units are three: the conqueror himself (vijigīṣu), the ally (mitra), and the ally’s ally (mitramitra).

Sutra 25

ताः पञ्चभिरमात्यजनपददुर्गकोशदण्डप्रकृतिभिरेकैकशः सम्युक्ता मण्डलमष्टादशकं भवति ॥ कZ_०६.२.२५ ॥

When each of those (three political units) is paired, one by one, with the five state-constituents—ministers, territory/population, fort, treasury, and armed force—the mandala becomes eighteenfold.

Sutra 26

अनेन मण्डलपृथक्त्वं व्याख्यातमरिमध्यमोदासीनानाम् ॥ कZ_०६.२.२६ ॥

By this, the distinct mandala-classifications of the enemy, the middle king, and the neutral power are explained.

Sutra 27

एवं चतुर्मण्डलसंक्षेपः ॥ कZ_०६.२.२७ ॥

Thus is the concise account of the four mandalas.

Sutra 28

द्वादश राजप्रकृतयः षष्टिर्द्रव्यप्रकृतयः संक्षेपेण द्विसप्ततिः ॥ कZ_०६.२.२८ ॥

There are twelve ‘royal’ constituents and sixty ‘material’ constituents; in brief, seventy-two (constituents).

Sutra 29

तासां यथास्वं सम्पदः ॥ कZ_०६.२.२९ ॥

Their prosperities/strengths are to be evaluated according to what is proper to each constituent.

Sutra 30

शक्तिः सिद्धिश्च ॥ कZ_०६.२.३० ॥

(The king must assess) power (śakti) and success-capacity (siddhi).

Sutra 31

बलं शक्तिः ॥ कZ_०६.२.३१ ॥

Power (śakti) is strength (bala).

Sutra 32

सुखं सिद्धिः ॥ कZ_०६.२.३२ ॥

Success (siddhi) is welfare/advantage (sukha).

Sutra 33

शक्तिस्त्रिविधा ज्ञानबलं मन्त्रशक्तिः कोशदण्डबलं प्रभुशक्तिः विक्रमबलमुत्साहशक्तिः ॥ कZ_०६.२.३३ ॥

Power is threefold: (1) the strength of knowledge—strategic/ministerial power (mantra-śakti); (2) the strength of treasury and coercion—sovereign/executive power (prabhu-śakti); (3) the strength of valor/initiative—energetic power (utsāha-śakti).

Sutra 34

एवं सिद्धिस्त्रिविधैव मन्त्रशक्तिसाध्या मन्त्रसिद्धिः प्रभुशक्तिसाध्या प्रभुसिद्धिः उत्साहशक्तिसाध्या उत्साहसिद्धिः ॥ कZ_०६.२.३४ ॥

Likewise, success is threefold: success achieved by strategic counsel is strategic success (mantra-siddhi); success achieved by executive/sovereign power is executive success (prabhu-siddhi); success achieved by energetic initiative is initiative-based success (utsāha-siddhi).

Sutra 35

ताभिरभ्युच्चितो ज्यायान्भवति अपचितो हीनः तुल्यशक्तिः समः ॥ कZ_०६.२.३५ ॥

One who is elevated by these powers is superior; one diminished in them is inferior; one equal in power is an equal.

Sutra 36

तस्माच्छक्तिं सिद्धिं च घटेतात्मन्यावेशयितुं साधारणो वा द्रव्यप्रकृतिष्वानन्तर्येण शौचवशेन वा ॥ कZ_०६.२.३६ ॥

Therefore, he should strive to assemble and internalize power and success—either by commonly available means, or by uninterrupted strengthening of the state’s material constituents, or by disciplined integrity (śauca).

Sutra 37

दूष्यामित्राभ्यां वापक्रष्टुं यतेत ॥ कZ_०६.२.३७ ॥

Or he should endeavor to draw away (resources/people) from the corruptible elements and from the enemy.

Sutra 38

यदि वा पश्येत् अमित्रो मे शक्तियुक्तो वाग्दण्डपारुष्यार्थदूषणैः प्रकृतीरुपहनिष्यति सिद्धियुक्तो वा मृगयाद्यूतमद्यस्त्रीभिः प्रमादं गमिष्यति स विरक्तप्रकृतिरुपक्षीणः प्रमत्तो वा साध्यो मे भविष्यति विग्रहाभियुक्तो वा सर्वसंदोहेनैकस्थोऽदुर्गस्थो वा स्थास्यति स संहतसैन्यो मित्रदुर्गवियुक्तः साध्यो मे भविष्यति बलवान्वा राजा परतः शत्रुमुच्छेत्तुकामः तमुच्छिद्य मामुच्छिन्द्यादिति बलवता प्रार्थितस्य मे विपन्नकर्मारम्भस्य वा साहाय्यं दास्यति मध्यमलिप्सायां च इत्येवं आदिषु कारणेष्वमित्रस्यापि शक्तिं सिद्धिं चेच्छेत् ॥ कZ_०६.२.३८ ॥

Or, if he foresees: ‘My enemy, though powerful, will harm his own state-constituents by harsh speech and punishment and by economic depredation; or, though successful, will fall into negligence through hunting, gambling, liquor, and women—then, with constituents alienated, weakened, or careless, he will become manageable for me. Or, if he is engaged in war and remains concentrated with all his forces in one place, without a fort—then, even with a consolidated army, deprived of allies and fortifications, he will be manageable for me. Or, if a stronger king requests my assistance—(thinking) “after destroying my enemy he might then destroy me”—he will give me support when I am sought, or when my undertakings have failed, and also in my desire to obtain the position of a middle king.’ In such and similar circumstances, one may even seek the enemy’s power and success (i.e., acquire/appropriate them through policy).

Sutra 39

नेमिमेकान्तरान् राज्ञः कृत्वा चानन्तरानरान् ॥ कZ_०६.२.३९अब् ॥

Having arranged the king’s intimates (ekāntara) as a protective rim (nemi), he should also place the immediate attendants/men (anantara) as the next layer of control.

Sutra 40

उच्छेद्यः पीडनीयो वा बलवानपि जायते ॥ कZ_०६.२.४०च्द् ॥

Therefore, even if he becomes strong, he should be eliminated or at least harassed/pressed down.