Chapter 2.29 turns the cattle-pen into a ledgered revenue machine: mark every animal, structure labor incentives, and classify dues and losses so pastoral wealth reliably feeds the kośa. Pastoral outputs are treated as state assets, not rustic byproducts. Wage and task design anticipates moral hazard in milk/ghee handling and calf welfare. Herd quotas per worker standardize supervision and make performance auditable. Revenue is collected through both fixed dues (kara/pratikara) and share-based claims for special categories. Identification protocols (aṅka/cihna/varṇa/śṛṅgāntara) establish title and liability. Clear definitions of ‘lost’ vs ‘destroyed’ enable clean accounts and targeted enforcement. Net effect: stronger kośa via disciplined janapada productivity, sustaining conquest logistics.
Sutra 1
কZ_০২.২৯.০১ ॥
Chapter heading/marker (no verse text provided in the source line).
Sutra 2
गोपालकपिण्डारकदोहकमन्थकलुब्धकाः शतं शतं धेनूनां हिरण्यभृताः पालयेयुः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.०२ ॥
Cowherds—namely the gopālaka, piṇḍāraka, dohaka, manthaka, and lubdhaka—being paid in cash (gold), shall each maintain herds of one hundred milch-cows (in units of a hundred).
Sutra 3
क्षीरघृतभृता हि वत्सानुपहन्युः । इति वेतनोपग्राहिकम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.०३ ॥
For those who carry milk and ghee may injure (or underfeed) the calves; this is (the problem called) ‘wage-based inducement/abuse’ (vetanopagrāhika).
Sutra 4
जरद्गुधेनुगर्भिणीपष्ठौहीवत्सतरीणां समविभागं रूपशतमेकः पालयेत् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.०४ ॥
One caretaker shall maintain a unit valued at one hundred rūpas, consisting of an equal allotment of aged cows, cows with calves, pregnant cows, and heifers (vatsatarī).
Sutra 5
घृतस्याष्टौ वारकान्पणिकं पुच्छमङ्कचर्म च वार्षिकं दद्यात् । इति करप्रतिकरः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.०५ ॥
As an annual due, he shall pay eight vārakas of ghee, one paṇika, and also the tail and the hide; this is the ‘tax and counter-tax/compensatory due’ (karapratikara).
Sutra 6
व्याधितान्यङ्गानन्यदोहीदुर्दोहापुत्रघ्नीनां च समविभागं रूपशतं पालयन्तस्तज्जातिकं भागं दद्युः । इति भग्नोत्षृष्टकम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.०६ ॥
Those maintaining a unit valued at one hundred rūpas with an equal allotment of diseased, deformed, irregular-milking, hard-to-milk, and calf-killing cows shall pay a share corresponding to that category; this is called “broken/abandoned stock” (bhagnotṣṛṣṭaka).
Sutra 7
परचक्राटवीभयादनुप्रविष्टानां पशूनां पालनधर्मेण दशभगं दद्युः । इति भागानुप्रविष्टकम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.०७ ॥
For livestock that have entered (the realm/settlement) out of fear of enemy forces or forest danger, a tenth share shall be paid according to the rules of maintenance; this is called “share for entrants/refuge stock” (bhāgānupraviṣṭaka).
Sutra 8
वत्सा वत्सतरा दम्या वहिनो वृषा उक्षाणश्च पुंगवाः युगवाहनशकटवहा वृषभाः सूनामहिषाः पृष्टस्कन्धवाहिनश्च महिषाः वत्सिका वत्सतरी पष्टहुही गर्भिणी धेनुश्चाप्रजाता वन्ध्याश्च गावो महिष्यश्च मासद्विमासजातास्तासामुपजा वत्सा वत्सिकाश्च ॥ कZ_०२.२९.०८ ॥
Calves; heifers; trainable young stock; draft/pack animals; bulls; oxen; breeding bulls; yoke- and cart-pulling bulls; buffalo bulls; and buffaloes that carry loads on the back/shoulder—also: female calves, heifers, (paṣṭhuhī class), pregnant cows, milch-cows, cows not yet calved, and barren cows; likewise buffalo-cows; and those born one or two months ago—of these, the offspring are calves and female calves.
Sutra 9
मासद्विमासजातानङ्कयेत् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.०९ ॥
He shall brand/mark those born one or two months ago.
Sutra 10
मासद्विमासपर्युषितमङ्कयेत् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.१० ॥
After one or two months (of keeping/verification), he should brand (the animal).
Sutra 11
अङ्कं चिह्नं वर्णं शृङ्गान्तरं च लक्षणमेवमुपजा निबन्धयेत् । इति व्रजपर्यग्रम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.११ ॥
He should record the brand, distinguishing marks, color, the spacing/formation of the horns, and such identifying characteristics, along with the offspring; thus is (the procedure of) supervision/inspection of the cattle-pen (vraja) concluded.
Sutra 12
चोरहृतमन्ययूथप्रविष्टमवलीनं वा नष्टम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.१२ ॥
If stolen by thieves, or if it has entered another herd, or if it has strayed off/hidden itself—(it is treated as) ‘missing’ (naṣṭa).
Sutra 13
पङ्कविषमव्याधिजरातोयाहारावसन्नं वृक्षतटकाष्ठशिलाभिहतमीशानव्यालसर्पग्राहदावाग्निविपन्नं विनष्टम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.१३ ॥
If it has perished due to mud (bogging), uneven terrain, disease, old age, lack of water or fodder; or if struck by a tree, riverbank, log, or rock; or if destroyed by lightning, wild beasts, snakes, crocodiles, or forest fire—(it is treated as) ‘destroyed’ (vinaṣṭa).
Sutra 14
प्रमादादभ्यावहेयुः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.१४ ॥
But if due to negligence, they shall bear the loss/liability.
Sutra 15
एवं रूपाग्रं विद्यात् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.१५ ॥
In this manner, one should ascertain the identifying profile (rūpāgra).
Sutra 16
स्वयं हन्ता घातयिता हर्ता हारयिता च वध्यः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.१६ ॥
The one who kills with his own hand, the instigator who has it killed, the thief who takes, and the one who causes it to be taken—all are liable to capital punishment.
Sutra 17
परपशूनां राजाङ्केन परिवर्तयिता रूपस्य पूर्वं साहसदण्डं दद्यात् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.१७ ॥
One who alters another’s animals by changing their identity using the royal brand shall first be made to pay the sāhasa fine (a severe penalty) corresponding to the animal’s value/identity.
Sutra 18
स्वदेशीयानां चोरहृतं प्रत्यानीय पणितं रूपं हरेत् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.१८ ॥
In the case of locals (subjects of the realm), if stolen property is brought back, he shall take the ‘rūpa’ that has been pledged/posted (as security/valuation).
Sutra 19
परदेशीयानां मोक्षयितार्धं हरेत् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.१९ ॥
In the case of outsiders (from another country/realm), the one who effects release/recovery shall take half (as his share).
Sutra 20
बालवृद्धव्याधितानां गोपालकाः प्रतिकुर्युः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२० ॥
The cowherds shall render assistance and due care to calves, the aged, and the diseased (animals).
Sutra 21
लुब्धकश्वगणिभिरपास्तस्तेनाव्यालपराबाधभयमृतुविभक्तमरण्यं चारयेयुः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२१ ॥
With hunters, dogs, and trackers, having driven away threats—thieves, wild beasts, and other dangers—they shall graze (the herds) in forest tracts allotted according to the seasons.
Sutra 22
सर्पव्यालत्रासनार्थं गोचरानुपातज्ञानार्थं च त्रस्नूनां घण्टातूर्यं च बध्नीयुः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२२ ॥
To frighten off snakes and wild beasts, and to know the movement along grazing routes, they shall fasten bells and sounding instruments on timid (animals).
Sutra 23
समव्यूढतीर्थमकर्दमग्राहमुदकमवतारयेयुः पालयेयुश्च ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२३ ॥
They shall lead (the cattle) down to water at a well-formed ford—free of mud and crocodiles—and they shall guard it as well.
Sutra 24
स्तेनव्यालसर्पग्राहगृहीतं व्याधिजरावसन्नं चावेदयेयुः अन्यथा रूपमूल्यं भजेरन् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२४ ॥
They shall report (animals) seized by thieves, predators, snakes, or crocodiles, and those weakened by disease or age; otherwise, they shall incur a penalty equal to the animal’s value.
Sutra 25
कारणमृतस्याङ्कचर्म गोमहिषस्य कर्णलक्षणमजाविकानाम् पुच्छमङ्कचर्म चाश्वखरोष्ट्राणाम् बालचर्मबस्तिपित्तस्नायुदन्तखुरशृङ्गास्थीनि चाहरेयुः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२५ ॥
For an animal that has died from a stated cause, they shall bring (as proof and salvage): the branded hide for cows and buffaloes; the ear-marks for goats and sheep; the tail and branded hide for horses, donkeys, and camels; and also the hair/hide, bladder, bile, sinews, teeth, hooves, horns, and bones.
Sutra 26
मांसमार्द्रं शुष्कं वा विक्रीणीयुः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२६ ॥
They shall sell the meat, whether fresh or dried.
Sutra 27
उदश्विच्छ्ववराहेभ्यो दद्युः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२७ ॥
They shall give (the remnants) to water-birds, dogs, and pigs/boars.
Sutra 28
कूर्चिकां सेनाभक्तार्थमाहरेयुः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२८ ॥
They shall supply kūrcikā (a curd/cheese preparation) for army rations.
Sutra 29
किलाटो घाणपिण्याकक्लेदार्थः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.२९ ॥
Kilāṭa is for moistening/softening the oil-press cake (piṇyāka) from the oil-mill (ghāṇa).
Sutra 30
पशुविक्रेता पादिकं रूपं दद्यात् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३० ॥
A seller of livestock shall pay a fee of one quarter (pādika) of a rūpa.
Sutra 31
वर्षाशरद्धेमन्तानुभयतःकालं दुह्युः शिशिरवसन्तग्रीष्मानेककालम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३१ ॥
In the rainy season, autumn, and early winter, milking may be done at both times (twice daily); in late winter, spring, and summer, only once (daily).
Sutra 32
द्वितीयकालदोग्धुरङ्गुष्ठच्छेदो दण्डः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३२ ॥
For one who milks at the second time (when only one milking is permitted), the penalty is cutting off the thumb.
Sutra 33
दोहनकालमतिक्रामतस्तत्फलहानं दण्डः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३३ ॥
If one exceeds/violates the prescribed milking time, the penalty is forfeiture of the resulting produce/benefit.
Sutra 34
एतेन नस्यदम्ययुगपिङ्गनवर्तनकाला व्याख्याताः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३४ ॥
By this (same rule), the timings for (administering) nasal medicine, taming, yoking, and driving/turning (of animals) are also explained.
Sutra 35
क्षीरद्रोणे गवां घृतप्रस्थः पञ्चभागाधिको महिषीणाम् द्विभागाधिकोऽजावीनाम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३५ ॥
From a droṇa of milk, the ghee yield standard is: for cows, one prastha plus five parts more; for buffaloes, plus two parts more; for goats/sheep, (a correspondingly lower standard is implied by comparison).
Sutra 36
मन्थो वा सर्वेषां प्रमाणम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३६ ॥
Alternatively, the (measured) churning output (mantha) is the standard measure for all.
Sutra 37
भूमितृणोदकविशेषाद्द् हि क्षीरघृतवृद्धिर्भवति ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३७ ॥
For milk and ghee, increase depends on differences in land, fodder, and water.
Sutra 38
यूथवृषं वृषेणावपातयतः पूर्वः साहसदण्डः घातयत उत्तमः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३८ ॥
If one causes the herd-bull to be brought down by another bull, the first-grade fine for violence applies; if one kills it, the highest fine applies.
Sutra 39
वर्णावरोधेन दशती रक्षा ॥ कZ_०२.२९.३९ ॥
Protection (of the herd) is ensured by segregating/controlling by colour or markings, in groups of ten.
Sutra 40
उपनिवेशदिग्विभागो गोप्रचाराद्बलान्वयतो वा गवां रक्षासामर्थ्याच्च ॥ कZ_०२.२९.४० ॥
The directional layout and zoning of cattle-settlements (upaniveśa) shall be determined either by the grazing routes, or by the distribution/availability of force (guards and manpower), and also by the capacity to protect the cattle.
Sutra 41
अजावीनां षण्मासिकीमूर्णां ग्राहयेत् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.४१ ॥
From goats and sheep, wool on a six-month cycle shall be taken/collected.
Sutra 42
तेनाश्वखरोष्ट्रवराहव्रजा व्याख्याताः ॥ कZ_०२.२९.४२ ॥
By that (same method/principle), the herds of horses, donkeys, camels, and boars are also explained (i.e., governed by analogous rules).
Sutra 43
बलीवर्दानां नस्याश्वभद्रगतिवाहिनां यवसस्यार्धभारस्तृणस्य द्विगुणम् तुला घाणपिण्याकस्य दशाढकं कणकुण्डकस्य पञ्चपलिकं मुखलवनम् तैलकुडुबो नस्यं प्रस्थः पानं मांसतुला दध्नश्चाढकम् यवद्रोणं माषाणां वा पुलाकः क्षीरद्रोणमर्धाढकं वा सुरायाः स्नेहप्रस्थः क्षारदशपलं शृङ्गिबेरपलं च प्रतिपानम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.४३ ॥
For working bullocks and well-bred horses used for speed and transport, the ration/provisioning is as follows: half-bhāra of yava fodder and double that quantity of grass; one tulā of piṇyāka (oil-cake/pressed residue) with ten āḍhaka measures; five palika of kaṇa/kuṇḍaka with mouth-salt; a kuḍuba of oil as nasal medication; a prastha as drink; one tulā of meat and one āḍhaka of curd; one droṇa of barley—or alternatively a pulāka preparation of māṣa; one droṇa of milk, or half an āḍhaka of surā; one prastha of ghee/fat; and, as a post-drink remedial measure, ten pala of alkali and one pala of śṛṅgibera (dry ginger).
Sutra 44
पादोनमश्वतरगोखराणाम् द्विगुणं महिषोष्ट्राणाम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.४४ ॥
For mules, cattle, and donkeys, the ration is one quarter less; for buffaloes and camels, it is double (relative to the stated base ration).
Sutra 45
कर्मकरबलीवर्दानां पायनार्थानां च धेनूनां कर्मकालतः फलतश्च विधादानम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.४५ ॥
For draught bullocks and cows kept for milk, assignment (and corresponding allotments) shall be arranged according to the time spent in work and according to results (output).
Sutra 46
सर्वेषां तृणोदकप्राकाम्यम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.४६ ॥
For all animals, there shall be adequate availability of grass and water.
Sutra 47
इति गोमण्डलं व्याख्यातम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.४७ ॥
Thus the ‘cattle-zone/cattle-circle’ (gomaṇḍala) has been set forth.
Sutra 48
शत्यं गोमहिषोष्ट्राणां यूथं कुर्याच्चतुर्वृषम् ॥ कZ_०२.२९.४८च्द् ॥
For cattle, buffaloes, and camels, the herd shall be of one hundred head, and it shall be constituted with four breeding bulls.
Stable dairy supply, protected breeding stock, reliable draft animals, and reduced theft/fraud through marking and registries—raising rural prosperity while ensuring predictable state revenue and provisioning capacity.
Negligence triggers abhyāvahana (making-good/recovery of loss) from custodians; documentary controls (marks/registers) enable attribution. While this passage does not enumerate corporal fines, it establishes strict financial liability for pramāda and disallows writing off preventable losses as ‘naṣṭa/vinaṣṭa’ without cause.