Valmiki Ramayana 2.52.100: Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 52, Shloka 100

गङ्गातरणम्, सुमन्त्र-प्रतिनिवर्तनम्, जटाधारणम्

Crossing the Gaṅgā; Sumantra’s Return; Adoption of Ascetic Signs

Devanagari script

गतं तु गङ्गापरपारमाशुरामं सुमन्त्रः प्रततं निरीक्ष्य।अध्वप्रकर्षाद्विनिवृत्तदृष्टिर्मुमोच बाष्पं व्यथित स्तपस्वी।।2.52.100।।

Sanskrit recitationValmiki Ramayana 2.52.100

Transliteration

gataṃ tu gaṅgāparapāram āśu rāmaṃ sumantraḥ pratataṃ nirīkṣya | adhva-prakarṣād vinivṛtta-dṛṣṭir mumoca bāṣpaṃ vyathitas tapasvī ||

Translation

スーマントラは、ラーマが速やかにガンガーの彼岸へ至るまで、ひたすら見守り続けた。だが遠さゆえに視線を戻さざるを得なくなると、悲嘆に打ちひしがれたその人は、ついに涙をこぼした。

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Word by Word

• gatam: gone, having reached
• gatam: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: √gam (धातु) + gata (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Kta-participle (क्त), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); used adjectivally with 'rāmam'

• tu: but, indeed
• tu: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tu (अव्यय)
• Form: Particle (निपात), contrast/emphasis

• gaṅgā-para-pāram: the farther bank of the Ganga
• gaṅgā-para-pāram: Karma (कर्म) / Gati-karman (गतिकर्म) as destination
• Type: Noun
• Root: gaṅgā (प्रातिपदिक) + para (प्रातिपदिक) + pāra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Tatpuruṣa (तत्पुरुष) compound; Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)

• āśu: swiftly
• āśu: Kriyā-viśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: āśu (अव्यय/प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण)

• rāmam: Rama
• rāmam: Karma (कर्म) (object of 'nirīkṣya')
• Type: Noun
• Root: rāma (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)

• sumantraḥ: Sumantra
• sumantraḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: sumantra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)

• pratatam: continuously
• pratatam: Kriyā-viśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: pratata (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Adverbial accusative (क्रियाविशेषणरूपेण द्वितीया), ‘continuously’

• nirīkṣya: having gazed at
• nirīkṣya: Pūrvakāla-kriyā (पूर्वकालक्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √īkṣ (धातु) + ni- (उपसर्ग)
• Form: Absolutive/Gerund (क्त्वान्त/ल्यप्), ‘having looked/gazed’

• adhva-prakarṣāt: due to the long distance of the road
• adhva-prakarṣāt: Hetu/Apādāna (हेतु/अपादान)
• Type: Noun
• Root: adhvan (प्रातिपदिक) + prakarṣa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Tatpuruṣa compound; Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Ablative (5th/पञ्चमी), Singular (एकवचन); cause/source sense

• vinivṛtta-dṛṣṭiḥ: one whose gaze had turned back/away
• vinivṛtta-dṛṣṭiḥ: Karta (कर्ता) (as qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: vi-ni-√vṛt (धातु) + dṛṣṭi (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) compound; Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन); qualifying 'sumantraḥ'

• mumoca: released, shed
• mumoca: Kriyā (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √muc (धातु)
• Form: Perfect (लिट्), 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष), Singular (एकवचन), Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद)

• bāṣpam: tears
• bāṣpam: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: bāṣpa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)

• vyathitaḥ: distressed
• vyathitaḥ: Karta (कर्ता) (as qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: √vyath (धातु) + vyathita (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Kta-participle (क्त), Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन); qualifying 'tapasvī/sumantraḥ'

• tapasvī: the ascetic-like (miserable) one
• tapasvī: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tapasvin (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन); apposition to 'sumantraḥ'

Context

The charioteer (Sumantra) approached the righteous Rama and asked him with folded hands: What can I do?

Characters & Entities

• Sumantra
• Rāma
• Gaṅgā

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Faithful attachment to righteousness: Sumantra’s grief reflects devotion to Rāma’s dharmic path and the pain of parting from virtue embodied.

What is the narrative situation?

After Rāma crosses the Gaṅgā, Sumantra watches until distance makes it impossible, then turns back in sorrow.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Sumantra’s loyalty and heartfelt compassion—his service is not merely official but deeply personal.