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Kena Upanishad: Verse 4.3

तस्माद्वा इन्द्रोऽतितरामिवान्यान्देवान् स ह्येनन्नेदिष्ठं पस्पर्श । स ह्येनत्प्रथमो विदाञ्चकार ब्रह्मेति ॥३॥

तस्मात् । वा । इन्द्रः । अतितराम्-इव । अन्यान् । देवान् । सः । हि । एनत् । नेदिष्ठम् । पस्पर्श । सः । हि । एनत् । प्रथमः । विदाम्-चकार । ब्रह्म । इति ॥३॥

Recitation with translationKena Upanishad 4.3

tasmād vā indro ’titārām ivānyān devān sa hy enan nediṣṭhaṃ pasparśa | sa hy enat prathamo vidāṃ cakāra brahmeti ||3||

അതുകൊണ്ട് ഇന്ദ്രൻ, എന്നപോലെ, മറ്റു ദേവന്മാരെ അതിക്രമിച്ചു; കാരണം അവൻ അതിനെ ഏറ്റവും അടുത്തായി സ്പർശിച്ചു. അവൻ തന്നെയാണ് ആദ്യം അതിനെ ‘ബ്രഹ്മം’ എന്നു തിരിച്ചറിഞ്ഞത്.

Therefore Indra, as it were, surpassed the other gods; for he indeed touched It most nearly. For he indeed was the first to come to know It as ‘Brahman’.

तस्मात्therefore/from that
तस्मात्:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formablative singular (m./n.) used adverbially
वindeed/and
व:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootव (निपात)
Formparticle
इन्द्रःIndra
इन्द्रः:
TypeNoun
Rootइन्द्र (प्रातिपदिक)
Formnominative singular masculine
अतितराम्more exceedingly/very much more
अतितराम्:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअतितर (तुलनात्मक/अतिशय-प्रातिपदिक)
Formaccusative singular feminine used adverbially
इवas if/like
इव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइव (निपात)
Formparticle of comparison
अन्यान्other
अन्यान्:
TypeAdjective
Rootअन्य (प्रातिपदिक)
Formaccusative plural masculine
देवान्gods
देवान्:
TypeNoun
Rootदेव (प्रातिपदिक)
Formaccusative plural masculine
सःhe
सः:
TypePronoun
Rootतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formnominative singular masculine
हिfor/indeed
हि:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootहि (निपात)
Formparticle
एनम्him/that (being)
एनम्:
TypePronoun
Rootएतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक; एनद्-आदेश)
Formaccusative singular masculine
नेदिष्ठम्nearest/most closely
नेदिष्ठम्:
TypeAdjective
Rootनेदिष्ठ (अतिशय-प्रातिपदिक)
Formaccusative singular neuter used adverbially
पस्पर्शtouched
पस्पर्श:
TypeVerb
Rootस्पृश् (धातु)
Formperfect (लिट्), 3rd person singular, parasmaipada
सःhe
सः:
TypePronoun
Rootतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formnominative singular masculine
हिfor/indeed
हि:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootहि (निपात)
Formparticle
एनत्that (it)
एनत्:
TypePronoun
Rootएतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक; एनद्-आदेश)
Formaccusative singular neuter
प्रथमःfirst
प्रथमः:
TypeAdjective
Rootप्रथम (प्रातिपदिक)
Formnominative singular masculine
विदाम्having known/recognizing
विदाम्:
TypeVerb
Rootविद् (धातु)
Formabsolutive/gerund (त्वा-लोप; Vedic form) from √विद् 'to know'
चकारdid/made (i.e., realized/recognized)
चकार:
TypeVerb
Rootकृ (धातु)
Formperfect (लिट्), 3rd person singular, parasmaipada
ब्रह्मBrahman
ब्रह्म:
TypeNoun
Rootब्रह्मन् (प्रातिपदिक)
Formnominative singular neuter (predicate)
इतिthus/“…”
इति:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइति (निपात)
Formquotative particle
  • इन्द्रोऽतितरामिव = इन्द्रः + अतितराम् + इव (अः + अ → ओऽ)
  • इवान्यान्देवान् = इव + अन्यान् + देवान्
  • ह्येनन्नेदिष्ठं = हि + एनम् + नेदिष्ठम्
  • ह्येनत्प्रथमो = हि + एनत् + प्रथमः
  • ब्रह्मेति = ब्रह्म + इति
Brahma-jñāna (recognition of Brahman) and adhikāra (fitness/priority through proximity)Mahavakya: Indirect—supports the epistemic movement toward ‘aham brahmāsmi’/‘tat tvam asi’ by identifying the object of realization as Brahman; not itself a Mahāvākya.SamaTalavakara (Jaiminiya) ShakhaChandas: Prose

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