Rig Veda 4.40.2: Mandala 4, Sukta 40, Mantra 2

Sukta 4.40

Rishi: Vāmadeva Gautama

Devata: Dadhikrāvan

Chandas: Triṣṭubh (probable)

Samhita Patha (Devanagari)

सत्वा भरिषो गविषो दुवन्यसच्छ्रवस्यादिष उषसस्तुरण्यसत् । सत्यो द्रवो द्रवरः पतंगरो दधिक्रावेषमूर्जं स्वर्जनत् ॥

Sanskrit recitationRig Veda 4.40.2

Transliteration

satvā́ bhariṣó gaviṣó duvanyásac chravasyā́d íṣa uṣásas turaṇyásat | satyó dravó dravarás pataṅgaró dadhikrā́vā íṣam ūrjáṃ svàr janat ||

Translation

كائنٌ ذو بأسٍ، حاملٌ للوفرة، طالبٌ للأبقارِ المضيئة (الأشعّة)، ينالُ الصيتَ المرغوب؛ وهو اندفاعُ الفجور، سريعُ الحركة. صادقٌ في عَدْوه، عَدّاءٌ بين العدّائين، طائرٌ مُجنَّح—دَذِهكرَافان يُولِّدُ فينا القوتَ والقوّةَ ونورَ السماءِ الباطنة (svàr).

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Word by Word

• सत्वा: the strong one; the vigorous (steed/hero)
• सत्वा: Kartā
• Type: Noun
• Root: सत्वन् (प्रातिपदिक; < √अस् ‘to be’ → सत् ‘being’)

• भरिषः: the bearer; carrier
• भरिषः: Kartā (apposition to सत्वा)
• Type: Noun
• Root: भरिष् (प्रातिपदिक; < √भृ ‘to bear, carry’)

• गविषः: seeker of cows (booty)
• गविषः: Kartā (apposition)
• Type: Noun
• Root: गविष् (प्रातिपदिक; ‘desire for cows/spoil’; < गो + √इष् ‘to seek’)

• दुवन्यसत्: he assailed/pressed
• दुवन्यसत्: Kriyā
• Type: Verb
• Root: √दु (दुनोति/दुवति ‘to hurt, press, assail’) + य-प्रत्यय (दुवन्य-)

• अच्छ्रवस्यात्: towards/for glory (from/for the sake of fame)
• अच्छ्रवस्यात्: Apādāna (goal/source nuance with motion/effort) / Adhikaraṇa (directional)
• Type: Indeclinable + Noun
• Root: अच्छ (अव्यय ‘towards’) + श्रवस्य (प्रातिपदिक ‘fame, glory’; < श्रवस्)

• इषः: refreshments; invigorating powers
• इषः: Karma
• Type: Noun
• Root: इष् (प्रातिपदिक ‘refreshment, strength, food’; < √इष् ‘to invigorate’)

• उषसः: of Dawn
• उषसः: Sambandha (genitive)
• Type: Noun
• Root: उषस् (प्रातिपदिक ‘dawn’)

• तुरण्यसत्: he sped on / he rushed
• तुरण्यसत्: Kriyā
• Type: Verb
• Root: √तुर्/√तॄ (Vedic ‘to hasten, overcome’) → तुरण्य- (adj. ‘swift, impetuous’)

• सत्यः: true; faithful
• सत्यः: Kartā (apposition/epithet)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: सत्य (प्रातिपदिक ‘true’; < सत्)

• द्रवः: the runner; the running one
• द्रवः: Kartā (apposition)
• Type: Noun
• Root: द्रव (प्रातिपदिक ‘running, course, speed’; < √द्रु/√द्रव् ‘to run’)

• द्रवरः: the swift runner
• द्रवरः: Kartā (apposition)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: द्रवर (प्रातिपदिक ‘swift, runner’; < √द्रु/√द्रव्)

• पतंगरः: the winged one; the flyer
• पतंगरः: Kartā (apposition)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: पतंगर (प्रातिपदिक; ‘flying/moving one’, esp. ‘bird/winged’; < पतंग)

• दधिक्रावेषम्: Dadhikrāvan’s impetuous rush (his onset)
• दधिक्रावेषम्: Karma
• Type: Compound Noun
• Root: दधिक्रावन् (प्रातिपदिक; name of the divine steed) + एष (प्रातिपदिक ‘impulse, rush’; < √इष्)

• ऊर्जम्: strength; nourishment
• ऊर्जम्: Karma
• Type: Noun
• Root: ऊर्ज् (प्रातिपदिक ‘strength, nourishment’)

• स्वः: heaven; the light-world
• स्वः: Adhikaraṇa (goal/direction) / Karma (as object with √जन् in causative sense)
• Type: Indeclinable (Vedic nominal adverb)
• Root: स्वर्/स्वः (अव्यय/नाम ‘heaven, light’)

• अजनत्: he generated; he brought forth
• अजनत्: Kriyā
• Type: Verb
• Root: √जन् (to be born, produce) — causative nuance in Vedic context ‘to generate, bring forth’