Rig Veda 4.5.5: Mandala 4, Sukta 5, Mantra 5

Sukta 4.5

Rishi: Vāmadeva Gautama

Devata: Agni (contextual; verse describes adversaries to be overcome)

Chandas: Trishtubh (probable; verify)

Samhita Patha (Devanagari)

अभ्रातरो न योषणो व्यन्तः पतिरिपो न जनयो दुरेवाः । पापासः सन्तो अनृता असत्या इदं पदमजनता गभीरम् ॥

Sanskrit recitationRig Veda 4.5.5

Transliteration

abhrā́taro na yóṣaṇo vyántaḥ patír ipo na jánayo dur-évāḥ | pā́pāsaḥ sánto anṛtā́ asatyā́ idáṃ padám ajanata gabhīrám ||

Translation

ดุจหญิงไร้พี่น้อง เขาทั้งหลายเร่ร่อนปราศจากผู้คุ้มครอง; ดุจภรรยาของนายผู้เป็นศัตรู เขาทั้งหลายดำเนินไปในทางอันชั่ว. เป็นคนบาป—มุสา ไม่ตั้งอยู่ในฤตะ (ṛta: ระเบียบความจริง)—ย่อมไม่อาจก่อกำเนิด “ปทะ” (pada: ที่ตั้ง/รอยเท้าแห่งสำนึก) อันลึกซึ้งนี้ได้.

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Word by Word

• अभ्रातरः: brotherless (men), without brothers
• अभ्रातरः: Kartā (with जनयः) / subject of the clause
• Type: Adjective (used substantively)
• Root: अ-भ्रातृ (प्रातिपदिक; नञ्-समास) भ्रातृ

• न: like, as
• न: —
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: न

• योषणः: women, maidens
• योषणः: Upamāna (standard of comparison)
• Type: Noun
• Root: योषन् (प्रातिपदिक)

• व्यन्तः: going apart, dispersed
• व्यन्तः: Kartā (agreeing with अभ्रातरः) / predicative participle
• Type: Verb (participle)
• Root: वि + अ (धातु: अ/इ ‘to go, move’; RV usage: ‘to go apart, disperse’)

• पतिः: master, husband, lord
• पतिः: Kartā (implied in comparison) / upamāna-member
• Type: Noun
• Root: पति (प्रातिपदिक)

• इपो: of the enemy/hostile one
• इपो: सम्बन्ध (genitive relation with पतिः)
• Type: Noun
• Root: इपु/इप (प्रातिपदिक; RV: ‘enemy/hostile’)

• न: like
• न: —
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: न

• जनयः: they beget, they produce
• जनयः: Kriyā (finite verb); takes कर्म = इदं पदम्
• Type: Verb
• Root: जन (धातु: जन् ‘to beget, produce’)

• दुरेवाः: evil-minded, ill-disposed
• दुरेवाः: Kartā (with जनयः) / subject
• Type: Adjective (used substantively)
• Root: दुर्-एव (प्रातिपदिक; ‘ill-going/ill-minded’)

• पापासः: wicked ones
• पापासः: Kartā (appositional to दुरेवाः) / subject
• Type: Adjective (used substantively)
• Root: पापा (प्रातिपदिक; ‘evil, sinful’)

• सन्तः: being
• सन्तः: Kartā (agreeing with पापासः) / predicative
• Type: Verb (participle)
• Root: अस् (धातु: अस् ‘to be’)

• अनृताः: untruthful, false
• अनृताः: Viśeṣaṇa (of पापासः) / predicative
• Type: Adjective
• Root: अन्-ऋत (प्रातिपदिक; ‘untrue’)

• असत्याः: untrue, faithless
• असत्याः: Viśeṣaṇa (of पापासः) / predicative
• Type: Adjective
• Root: अन्-सत्य (प्रातिपदिक; ‘not true’)

• इदम्: this
• इदम्: Karma (object of जनयः/अजनत)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: इदम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)

• पदम्: step; track; place; (here) a ‘footing/position’
• पदम्: Karma (object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पद (प्रातिपदिक)

• अजनत: they generated, they produced
• अजनत: Kriyā (finite verb); subject = पापासः…
• Type: Verb
• Root: जन (धातु: जन् ‘to beget, produce’)

• गभीरम्: deep, profound
• गभीरम्: Karma-viśeṣaṇa (qualifier of object पदम्)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: गभीर (प्रातिपदिक)