Adhyaya 11

Sutra 1

कोशाध्यक्षः कोशप्रवेश्यं रत्नं सारं फल्गुं कुप्यं वा तज्जातकरणाधिष्ठितः प्रतिगृह्णीयात् ॥ कZ_०२.११.०१ ॥

The Superintendent of the Treasury shall receive into the treasury—whether jewels, precious metals/materials, minor valuables, or base/utility goods—only when accompanied by the responsible officer in charge of that respective category/department.

Sutra 2

ताम्रपर्णिकं पाण्ड्यकवाटकं पाशिक्यं कौलेयं चौर्णेयं माहेन्द्रं कार्दमिकं स्रौतसीयं ह्रादीयं हैमवतं च मौक्तिकम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.०२ ॥

Pearls (mauktika) are identified by source/locality: Tāmrparṇika, Pāṇḍyaka-vāṭaka, Pāśikya, Kauleya, Caurṇeya, Māhendra, Kārdamika, Srautasīya, Hrādīya, and Haimavata.

Sutra 3

शुक्तिः शङ्खः प्रकीर्णकं च योनयः ॥ कZ_०२.११.०३ ॥

Oyster-shell (śukti), conch (śaṅkha), and scattered/varied sources (prakīrṇaka) are the origins (yonayaḥ) of pearls.

Sutra 4

मसूरकं त्रिपुटकं कूर्मकमर्धचन्द्रकं कञ्चुकितं यमकं कर्तकं खरकं सिक्तकं कामण्डलुकं श्यावं नीलं दुर्विद्धं चाप्रशस्तम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.०४ ॥

Pearls of the following kinds are not recommended/acceptable: lentil-shaped (masūraka), three-lobed (tripuṭaka), tortoise-shaped (kūrmaka), half-moon (ardhacandraka), coated (kañcukita), paired/twinned (yamaka), cut (kartaka), rough (kharaka), sanded/powdered (siktaka), gourd-shaped (kāmaṇḍaluka); also those that are brownish, bluish, or badly pierced.

Sutra 5

स्थूलं वृत्तं निस्तलं भ्राजिष्णु श्वेतं गुरु स्निग्धं देशविद्धं च प्रशस्तम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.०५ ॥

Pearls are recommended/acceptable when they are large, round, free of surface flaws, lustrous, white, heavy, smooth/oily in sheen, and properly pierced in the correct place.

Sutra 6

शीर्षकमुपशीर्षकं प्रकाण्डकमवघाटकं तरलप्रतिबद्धं चेति यष्टिप्रभेदाः ॥ कZ_०२.११.०६ ॥

The varieties of staffs/shafts (yaṣṭi) are: the ‘headed’ (śīrṣaka), the ‘sub-headed’ (upaśīrṣaka), the ‘with a main stem’ (prakāṇḍaka), the ‘striker/hammering type’ (avaghāṭaka), and the ‘flexibly-bound’ (tarala-pratibaddha).

Sutra 7

यष्टीनामष्टसहस्रमिन्द्रच्छन्दः ॥ कZ_०२.११.०७ ॥

For staffs/shafts (yaṣṭi), a set called “Indracchanda” consists of eight thousand.

Sutra 8

ततोऽर्धं विजयच्छन्दः ॥ कZ_०२.११.०८ ॥

Half of that (Indracchanda) is called “Vijayacchanda”.

Sutra 9

चतुष्षष्टिरर्धहारः ॥ कZ_०२.११.०९ ॥

Sixty-four (constitute) an “Ardhahāra”.

Sutra 10

चतुष्पञ्चाशद् रश्मिकलापः ॥ कZ_०२.११.१० ॥

Fifty-four (constitute) a “Raśmikalāpa”.

Sutra 11

द्वात्रिंशद्गुच्छः ॥ कZ_०२.११.११ ॥

Thirty-two (constitute) a “Guccha” (a bundle).

Sutra 12

सप्तविंशतिर्नक्षत्रमाला ॥ कZ_०२.११.१२ ॥

Twenty-seven (constitute) a “Nakṣatramālā”.

Sutra 13

चतुर्विंशतिरर्धगुच्छः ॥ कZ_०२.११.१३ ॥

Twenty-four (constitute) an “Ardhaguccha” (half-bundle).

Sutra 14

विंशतिर्माणवकः ॥ कZ_०२.११.१४ ॥

Twenty (constitute) a “Māṇavaka”.

Sutra 15

ततोऽर्धमर्धमाणवकः ॥ कZ_०२.११.१५ ॥

Half of that (Māṇavaka) is an “Ardhamāṇavaka”.

Sutra 16

एत एव मणिमध्यास्तन्माणवका भवन्ति ॥ कZ_०२.११.१६ ॥

These very necklaces (previously described), when having a central gem, are termed “māṇavaka” (a classified type/name) in the state’s nomenclature.

Sutra 17

एकशीर्षकः शुद्धो हारः ॥ कZ_०२.११.१७ ॥

A “pure necklace” (śuddha hāra) is the single-headed/single-terminal type (ekaśīrṣaka).

Sutra 18

तद्वच्छेषाः ॥ कZ_०२.११.१८ ॥

The remaining varieties are to be understood on the same principle (as defined above).

Sutra 19

मणिमध्योऽर्धमाणवकः ॥ कZ_०२.११.१९ ॥

A necklace with a central gem is an “ardha-māṇavaka” (a half-graded subtype within the māṇavaka classification).

Sutra 20

त्रिफलकः फलकहारः पञ्चफलको वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.२० ॥

A “phalaka-hāra” (panel/plate necklace) is of three panels (triphalaka), or alternatively of five panels (pañcaphalaka).

Sutra 21

सूत्रमेकावली शुद्धा ॥ कZ_०२.११.२१ ॥

A single strand (sūtra) constitutes the “pure ekāvalī” (single-string necklace).

Sutra 22

सैव मणिमध्या यष्टिः ॥ कZ_०२.११.२२ ॥

That same ekāvalī, when fitted with a central gem, is termed “yaṣṭi”.

Sutra 23

हेममणिचित्रा रत्नावली ॥ कZ_०२.११.२३ ॥

A “ratnāvalī” is a necklace/garland variegated with gold and gems.

Sutra 24

हेममणिमुक्तान्तरोऽपवर्तकः ॥ कZ_०२.११.२४ ॥

An “apavartaka” is a necklace arranged with alternating intervals of gold, gems, and pearls.

Sutra 25

सुवर्णसूत्रान्तरं सोपानकम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.२५ ॥

A “sopānaka” is an ornament having intervals/sections of gold thread (suvarṇa-sūtra) arranged in a stepped/graded manner.

Sutra 26

मणिमध्यं वा मणिसोपानकम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.२६ ॥

A jewel-setting may be either «maṇimadhya»—with a gem placed at the center—or «maṇisopānaka»—arranged like steps/tiers of gems.

Sutra 27

तेन शिरोहस्तपादकटीकलापजालकविकल्पा व्याख्याताः ॥ कZ_०२.११.२७ ॥

By that (principle of classification), the variants for ornaments of the head, hands, feet, waist, and for ‘kalāpa’ and ‘jālaka’ patterns are explained.

Sutra 28

मणिः कौटोमालेयकः पारसमुद्रकश्च ॥ कZ_०२.११.२८ ॥

Gems include (types called) ‘kauṭomāleyaka’ and ‘pārasamudraka’.

Sutra 29

सौगन्धिकः पद्मरागोऽनवद्यरागः पारिजातपुष्पको बालसूर्यकः ॥ कZ_०२.११.२९ ॥

(Varieties include) ‘saugandhika’, ‘padmarāga’, ‘anavadyarāga’, ‘pārijātapuṣpaka’, and ‘bālasūryaka’.

Sutra 30

वैडूर्यमुत्पलवर्णः शिरीषपुष्पक उदकवर्णो वंशरागः शुकपत्त्रवर्णः पुष्यरागो गोमूत्रको गोमेदकः ॥ कZ_०२.११.३० ॥

Vaiḍūrya is (graded as) ‘utpala-colored’; (there are) ‘śirīṣapuṣpaka’; ‘udaka-colored’; ‘vaṃśarāga’; ‘parrot-leaf-colored’; ‘puṣyarāga’; ‘gomūtraka’; and ‘gomedaka’.

Sutra 31

इन्द्रनीलो नीलावलीयः कलायपुष्पको महानीलो जम्ब्वाभो जीमूतप्रभो नन्दकः स्रवन्मध्यः ॥ कZ_०२.११.३१ ॥

(Varieties include) ‘indranīla’, ‘nīlāvalīya’, ‘kalāyapuṣpaka’, ‘mahānīla’, ‘jambvābha’, ‘jīmūtaprabha’, ‘nandaka’, and ‘sravanmadhya’.

Sutra 32

शुद्धस्फटिको मूलाटवर्णः शीतवृष्टिः सूर्यकान्तश्च । इति मणयः ॥ कZ_०२.११.३२ ॥

(Also) pure crystal; “mūlāṭa-colored”; “śītavṛṣṭi”; and “sūryakānta”. These are the gems.

Sutra 33

षडश्रश्चतुरश्रो वृत्तो वा तीव्ररागः संस्थानवानछः स्निग्धो गुरुरर्चिष्मानन्तर्गतप्रभः प्रभानुलेपी चेति मणिगुणाः ॥ कZ_०२.११.३३ ॥

The qualities of a gem are: six-angled, four-angled, or round; intensely colored; well-formed; clear; lustrous; heavy; radiant; having inner brilliance; and suffusing its brilliance outward.

Sutra 34

मन्दरागप्रभः सशर्करः पुष्पच्छिद्रः खण्डो दुर्विद्धो लेखाकीर्ण इति दोषाः ॥ कZ_०२.११.३४ ॥

Defects are: dull color/brilliance; gritty (with “sugar-like” granules); having flower-like pits/holes; broken; badly perforated (for stringing/setting); and filled with streaks/lines.

Sutra 35

विमलकः सस्यकोऽञ्जनमूलकः पित्तकः सुलभको लोहिताक्षो मृगाश्मको ज्योतीरसको मालेयकोऽहिच्छत्रकः कूर्पः प्रतिकूर्पः सुगन्धिकूर्पः क्षीरवकः श्शुक्तिचूर्णकः शिलाप्रवालकः पुलकः शुक्लपुलक इत्यन्तरजातयः ॥ कZ_०२.११.३५ ॥

The secondary sub-kinds are: vimalaka, sasyaka, añjanamūlaka, pittaka, sulabhaka, lohitākṣa, mṛgāśmaka, jyotīrasaka, māleyaka, ahicchatraka, kūrpa, pratikūrpa, sugandhikūrpa, kṣīravaka, śukticūrṇaka, śilāpravālaka, pulaka, and śuklapulaka.

Sutra 36

शेषाः काचमणयः ॥ कZ_०२.११.३६ ॥

All the remaining (inferior/unspecified stones) are to be treated as glass-gems (paste/imitation jewels).

Sutra 37

सभाराष्ट्रकं तज्जमाराष्ट्रकं कास्तीरराष्ट्रकं श्रीकटनकं मणिमन्तकमिन्द्रवानकं च वज्रम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.३७ ॥

Diamonds are designated (by provenance/types) as: Sabhārāṣṭraka, Tajjamārāṣṭraka, Kāstīrarāṣṭraka, Śrīkaṭanaka, Maṇimantaka, and Indravānaka.

Sutra 38

खनिः स्रोतः प्रकीर्णकं च योनयः ॥ कZ_०२.११.३८ ॥

The sources (of gems) are: mines, river-streams, and scattered deposits.

Sutra 39

मार्जाराक्षकं शिरीषपुष्पकं गोमूत्रकं गोमेदकं शुद्धस्फटिकं मूलाटीवर्णं मणिवर्णानामन्यतमवर्णमिति वज्रवर्णाः ॥ कZ_०२.११.३९ ॥

The recognized diamond colors are: cat’s-eye-like, śirīṣa-flower-like, cow-urine-colored, gomedaka-like, pure-crystal-like, mūlāṭī-colored, or any one of the gem-colors.

Sutra 40

स्थूलं गुरु प्रहारसहं समकोटिकं भाजनलेखि तर्कुभ्रामि भ्राजिष्णु च प्रशस्तम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.४० ॥

Commendable (diamonds) are those that are sizable, heavy, able to withstand impact, evenly edged, capable of scratching a vessel, causing a spindle/whorl to spin, and lustrous.

Sutra 41

नष्टकोणं निराश्रि पार्श्वापवृत्तं चाप्रशस्तम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.४१ ॥

Unacceptable are those with damaged corners, lacking a proper base/support, or with a side that is bent/turned away (misshapen).

Sutra 42

प्रवालकमालकन्दकं वैवर्णिकं च रक्तं पद्मरागं च करटगर्भिणिकावर्जमिति ॥ कZ_०२.११.४२ ॥

Coral-like, āmalaka-bulb-like, variegated, and red stones, and padmarāga (ruby) are counted—excluding the karaṭagarbhiṇikā variety.

Sutra 43

चन्दनं सातनं रक्तं भूमिगन्धि ॥ कZ_०२.११.४३ ॥

Sandalwood is classified as sātana, red, and earth-fragrant.

Sutra 44

गोशीर्षकं कालताम्रं मत्स्यगन्धि ॥ कZ_०२.११.४४ ॥

Sandalwood types include gośīrṣaka, dark-coppery, and fish-odored.

Sutra 45

हरिचन्दनं शुकपत्त्रवर्णमाम्रगन्धि तार्णसं च ॥ कZ_०२.११.४५ ॥

Sandalwood types include haricandana; parrot-leaf-colored; mango-fragrant; and tārṇasa.

Sutra 46

ग्रामेरुकं रक्तं रक्तकालं वा बस्तमूत्रगन्धि ॥ कZ_०२.११.४६ ॥

“Grāmeruka” is red, or red-black in hue, and has an odor like goat’s urine.

Sutra 47

दैवसभेयं रक्तं पद्मगन्धि जापकं च ॥ कZ_०२.११.४७ ॥

‘Daivasabheya’ is red, lotus-scented, and (also) ‘jāpaka’ (a recognized sub-type/mark).

Sutra 48

जोङ्गकं रक्तं रक्तकालं वा स्निग्धम् तौरूपं च ॥ कZ_०२.११.४८ ॥

‘Joṅgaka’ is red, or red-black; it is glossy/unctuous, and has a ‘taurūpa’ form/appearance.

Sutra 49

मालेयकं पाण्डुरक्तम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.४९ ॥

‘Māleyaka’ is pale-red in color.

Sutra 50

कुचन्दनं रूक्षमगुरुकालं रक्तं रक्तकालं वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.५० ॥

‘Kucandana’ is dry; (it is) dark like aguru, and is red or red-black.

Sutra 51

कालपर्वतकं रक्तकालमनवद्यवर्णं वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.५१ ॥

‘Kālaparvataka’ is red-black, or else of flawless color.

Sutra 52

कोशागारपर्वतकं कालं कालचित्रं वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.५२ ॥

‘Kośāgāraparvataka’ is black, or black-mottled/variegated.

Sutra 53

शीतोदकीयं पद्माभं कालस्निग्धं वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.५३ ॥

‘Śītodakīya’ is lotus-like in appearance, or else dark and glossy.

Sutra 54

नागपर्वतकं रूक्षं शैवलवर्णं वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.५४ ॥

‘Nāgaparvataka’ is dry/rough, or else seaweed-green in color.

Sutra 55

शाकलं कपिलम् । इति ॥ कZ_०२.११.५५ ॥

‘Śākala’ is tawny/brown. Thus (ends the list).

Sutra 56

लघु स्निग्धमश्यानं सर्पिःस्नेहलेपि गन्धसुखं त्वगनुसार्यनुल्बणमविराग्युष्णसहं दाहग्राहि सुखस्पर्शनमिति चन्दनगुणाः ॥ कZ_०२.११.५६ ॥

The qualities of sandalwood are: light; unctuous; not overly hard-set; it takes on a coating of ghee/oil; its fragrance is pleasant; the scent persists on the skin without being overpowering; it does not lose colour; it withstands heat; it readily yields its essence when rubbed; and it has a pleasant touch.

Sutra 57

अगुरु जोङ्गकं कालं कालचित्रं मण्डलचित्रं वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.५७ ॥

Aloeswood (aguru) is of the following kinds: joṅgaka; black (kāla); black-mottled (kālacitra); or ring-patterned (maṇḍalacitra).

Sutra 58

श्यामं दोङ्गकम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.५८ ॥

The doṅgaka variety is dark (śyāma).

Sutra 59

पारसमुद्रकं चित्ररूपमुशीरगन्धि नवमालिकागन्धि वा । इति ॥ कZ_०२.११.५९ ॥

The pārasamudraka variety is variegated in appearance and has the scent of uśīra (vetiver) or of navamālikā (fresh jasmine garland).

Sutra 60

गुरु स्निग्धं पेशलगन्धि निर्हार्यग्निसहमसम्प्लुतधूमं विमर्दसहमित्यगुरुगुणाः ॥ कZ_०२.११.६० ॥

The qualities of aloeswood are: heavy; unctuous; delicately fragrant; it yields its essence; it withstands fire/heat; its smoke is not excessive or choking; and it tolerates rubbing/handling—these are the qualities of aguru.

Sutra 61

तैलपर्णिकमशोकग्रामिकं मांसवर्णं पद्मगन्धि ॥ कZ_०२.११.६१ ॥

The tailaparṇika (also called aśokagrāmika) variety is flesh-coloured and lotus-scented.

Sutra 62

जोङ्गकं रक्तपीतकमुत्पलगन्धि गोमूत्रगन्धि वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.६२ ॥

The joṅgaka variety is reddish-yellow and is either water-lily-scented (utpala) or has a cow-urine-like odour.

Sutra 63

ग्रामेरुकं स्निग्धं गोमूत्रगन्धि ॥ कZ_०२.११.६३ ॥

The grāmeruka variety is unctuous and has a cow-urine-like odour.

Sutra 64

सौवर्णकुड्यकं रक्तपीतं मातुलुङ्गगन्धि ॥ कZ_०२.११.६४ ॥

The sauvarṇakuḍyaka variety is reddish-yellow and has the fragrance of mātuluṅga (citron).

Sutra 65

पूर्णकद्वीपकं पद्मगन्धि नवनीतगन्धि वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.६५ ॥

The pūrṇakadvīpaka variety is either lotus-scented or has a fresh-butter-like fragrance.

Sutra 66

भद्रश्रियं पारलौहित्यकं जातीवर्णम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.६६ ॥

‘Bhadrāśrī’ and ‘Pāralauhityaka’ are of the natural colour of the species/variety (i.e., they match the standard hue expected of their kind).

Sutra 67

आन्तरवत्यमुशीरवर्णम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.६७ ॥

“Āntaravatya” has the colour of uśīra (a vetiver-like hue).

Sutra 68

उभयं कुष्ठगन्धि च । इति ॥ कZ_०२.११.६८ ॥

Both (the foregoing varieties) also have an odour like kuṣṭha (costus); thus (the identification is stated).

Sutra 69

कालेयकः स्वर्णभूमिजः स्निग्धपीतकः ॥ कZ_०२.११.६९ ॥

“Kāleyaka”, produced in “Svarṇabhūmi”, is glossy and yellowish.

Sutra 70

औत्तरपर्वतको रक्तपीतकः । इति साराः ॥ कZ_०२.११.७० ॥

“Auttarapārvataka” is reddish-yellow; these are the superior grades (sāra).

Sutra 71

तेन काशिकं पौण्ड्रकं च क्षौमं व्याख्यातम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०६ ॥

By the same (preceding) criteria, the linen textiles of Kāśī and of Pauṇḍra are also explained (i.e., classified/assessed accordingly).

Sutra 72

मागधिका पौण्ड्रिका सौवर्णकुड्यका च पत्त्रोर्णा ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०७ ॥

The leaf-fibre textiles (pattrorṇā) are: the Māgadhikā, the Pauṇḍrikā, and the Sauvarṇakuḍyakā.

Sutra 73

नागवृक्षो लिकुचो बकुलो वटश्च योनयः ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०८ ॥

The sources (yonayaḥ) are: the nāgavṛkṣa, the likuca, the bakula, and the vaṭa (trees).

Sutra 74

पीतिका नागवृक्षिका ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०९ ॥

The nāgavṛkṣa-based variety is ‘pītikā’ (the yellowish type).

Sutra 75

गोधूमवर्णा लैकुची ॥ कZ_०२.११.११० ॥

The likuca-based variety (laikucī) is wheat-coloured (godhūma-varṇā).

Sutra 76

श्वेता बाकुली ॥ कZ_०२.११.१११ ॥

The bakula-based variety (bākulī) is white (śvetā).

Sutra 77

शेषा नवनीतवर्णा ॥ कZ_०२.११.११२ ॥

The remaining varieties are butter-coloured (navanīta-varṇā).

Sutra 78

तासां सौवर्णकुड्यका श्रेष्ठा ॥ कZ_०२.११.११३ ॥

Among those, the Sauvarṇakuḍyakā is the best (highest grade).

Sutra 79

तया कौशेयं चीनपट्टाश्च चीनभूमिजा व्याख्याताः ॥ कZ_०२.११.११४ ॥

By that (same standard), silk (kauśeya) and Chinese silks (cīna-paṭṭāḥ), produced in the land of China, are also explained (i.e., to be assessed under the same rule).

Sutra 80

माधुरमापरान्तकं कालिङ्गं काशिकं वाङ्गकं वात्सकं माहिषकं च कार्पासिकं श्रेष्ठम् । इति ॥ कZ_०२.११.११५ ॥

Of cotton textiles (kārpāsika), the best are those of Mādhura, Aparāntaka, Kāliṅga, Kāśī, Vāṅga, Vatsa, and Māhiṣa—thus.

Sutra 81

श्यामिका कालिका कदली चन्द्रोत्तरा शाकुला चारोहजाः ॥ कZ_०२.११.८१ ॥

(The recognized varieties include:) Śyāmikā, Kālikā, Kadalī, Candrottarā, Śākulā, and Ārohajā.

Sutra 82

कपिला बिन्दुचित्रा वा श्यामिका ॥ कZ_०२.११.८२ ॥

Śyāmikā is tawny (kapilā) or dotted/spot-variegated (binducitrā).

Sutra 83

कालिका कपिला कपोतवर्णा वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.८३ ॥

Kālikā is tawny (kapilā) or pigeon-colored (kapotavarṇā).

Sutra 84

तदुभयमष्टाङ्गुलायामम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.८४ ॥

Both of those (two varieties just mentioned) are to have a length of eight aṅgulas.

Sutra 85

परुषा कदली हस्तायता ॥ कZ_०२.११.८५ ॥

Kadalī is coarse (in texture) and has the length of a hand (hasta).

Sutra 86

सैव चन्द्रचित्रा चन्द्रोत्तरा ॥ कZ_०२.११.८६ ॥

(Leather varieties:) ‘Saiva’, ‘moon-patterned’ (candracitrā), and ‘moon-superior’ (candrottarā).

Sutra 87

कदलीत्रिभागा शाकुला कोठमण्डलचित्रा कृतकर्णिकाजिनचित्रा वा । इति ॥ कZ_०२.११.८७ ॥

(Leather varieties include:) ‘banana-in-three-sections’ (kadalītribhāgā), ‘śākulā’, ‘spotted with storehouse-circles’ (koṭhamaṇḍalacitrā), and ‘fawn-skin patterned with made rosettes/ear-like motifs’ (kṛtakarṇikājinacitrā)—thus.

Sutra 88

सामूरं चीनसी सामूली च बाह्लवेयाः ॥ कZ_०२.११.८८ ॥

The Bāhlaveya (Bactrian/foreign) varieties are: sāmūra, cīnasī, and sāmūlī.

Sutra 89

षट्त्रिंशदङ्गुलमञ्जनवर्णं सामूरम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.८९ ॥

Sāmūra is (specified as) thirty-six aṅgulas (in measure) and of the color of collyrium/antimony (dark black).

Sutra 90

चीनसी रक्तकाली पाण्डुकाली वा ॥ कZ_०२.११.९० ॥

Cīnasī is either red-black (raktakālī) or pale-black (pāṇḍukālī).

Sutra 91

सामूली गोधूमवर्णा । इति ॥ कZ_०२.११.९१ ॥

Sāmūlī is wheat-colored (godhūmavarṇā)—thus.

Sutra 92

सांतिना नलतूला वृत्तपृच्छा चौद्राः ॥ कZ_०२.११.९२ ॥

The Caudra varieties are: sāṃtinā, nalatūlā, and vṛttapṛcchā.

Sutra 93

सातिना कृष्णा ॥ कZ_०२.११.९३ ॥

Sātinā is black (kṛṣṇā).

Sutra 94

नलतूला नलतूलवर्णा ॥ कZ_०२.११.९४ ॥

Nalatūlā is of the color characteristic of nalatūlā (i.e., the standard ‘nalatūlā’ hue).

Sutra 95

कपिला वृत्तपुच्छा च । इति चर्मजातयः ॥ कZ_०२.११.९५ ॥

Kapilā and vṛttapucchā—thus are the varieties of leather.

Sutra 96

चर्मणां मृदु स्निग्धं बहुलरोम च श्रेष्ठम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.९६ ॥

Among leather goods, that which is soft, glossy/oily-finished, and thickly haired is considered the best grade.

Sutra 97

शुद्धं शुद्धरक्तं पक्षरक्तं चाविकं खचितं वानचित्रं खण्डसंघात्यं तन्तुविच्छिन्नं च ॥ कZ_०२.११.९७ ॥

(Woollen cloth) is classified as: plain (unmixed), uniformly dyed red, partly/stripedly red, and woollen; also as embroidered/inlaid, forest-patterned/variegated, patch-joined, and with broken/weakened threads.

Sutra 98

कम्बलः कौचपकः कुलमितिका सौमितिका तुरगास्तरणं वर्णकं तलिच्छकं वारवाणः परिस्तोमः समन्तभद्रकं चाविकम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.९८ ॥

Woollen goods include: kambala, kaucapaka, kulamitikā, saumitikā, horse-covering (turagāstaraṇa), varṇaka, talicchaka, vāravāṇa, paristoma, and samantabhadraka—these being woollen varieties.

Sutra 99

पिच्छिलमार्द्रमिव च सूक्ष्मं मृदु च श्रेष्ठम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.९९ ॥

That cloth/fibre which feels slightly slick and as if moist, is fine in texture, and soft, is considered the best grade.

Sutra 100

अष्टप्रोतिसंघात्या कृष्णा भिङ्गिसी वर्षवारणमपसारक इति नैपालकम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०० ॥

The ‘Naipālaka’ (Nepal-type woollen) is of eight-fold weaving/ply; its recognized varieties include: black, bhiṅgisī, ‘rain-blocker’ (varṣavāraṇa), and ‘water-shedding’ (apasāraka).

Sutra 101

सम्पुटिका चतुरश्रिका लम्बरा कटवानकं प्रावरकः सत्तलिकेति मृगरोम ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०१ ॥

Deer-hair (mṛgaroma) goods are designated as: sampuṭikā, caturaśrikā, lambarā, kaṭavānaka, prāvaraka, and sattalikā—these being the standard forms/types.

Sutra 102

वाङ्गकं श्वेतं स्निग्धं दुकूलम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०२ ॥

The Vāṅgaka dukūla (from Vanga) is white and has a smooth, lustrous finish.

Sutra 103

पौण्ड्रकं श्यामं मणिस्निग्धम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०३ ॥

The Pauṇḍraka cloth (from Puṇḍra) is dark in color and has a jewel-like lustre/smoothness.

Sutra 104

सौवर्णकुड्यकं सूर्यवर्णं मणिस्निग्धोदकवानं चतुरश्रवानं व्यामिश्रवानं च ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०४ ॥

The Sauvarṇakuḍyaka cloth is sun-gold in color, has a jewel-like smooth lustre, and is ‘water-rich’ (well-finished/treated); it is also specified by weave/structure as square-patterned and as mixed/combined-patterned.

Sutra 105

एतेषामेकांशुकमध्यर्धद्वित्रिचतुरंशुकमिति ॥ कZ_०२.११.१०५ ॥

For these goods, the standard measures are: one āṃśuka, one-and-a-half, two, three, and four āṃśukas (as the unit-length count).

Sutra 116

अतः परेषां रत्नानां प्रमाणं मूल्यलक्षणम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.११६ ॥

Therefore, for other (remaining) precious articles, the standard measures and the criteria for valuation are to be laid down.

Sutra 117

जातिं रूपं च जानीयान्निधानं नवकर्म च ॥ कZ_०२.११.११७ ॥

He should ascertain the kind (category), the appearance, the source/stock, and whether it is newly made (recently worked).

Sutra 118

पुराणप्रतिसंस्कारं कर्म गुह्यमुपस्करान् ॥ कZ_०२.११.११८ ॥

(He should detect) refurbishment of old items, concealed workmanship, and (the use of) hidden tools/implements (employed for deceptive alteration).

Sutra 119

देशकालपरीभोगं हिंस्राणां च प्रतिक्रियाम् ॥ कZ_०२.११.११९ ॥

He should assess suitability by place and time (local/seasonal conditions and use), and also the countermeasures for dangerous factors (harmful risks).