Adhyaya 6

Sutra 1

सिद्धप्रयोगादूर्ध्वं शङ्कारूपकर्माभिग्रहः ॥ कZ_०४.६.०१ ॥

After proven operational methods have been applied, seizure/arrest is to be undertaken on the basis of suspicious conduct and indicators.

Sutra 2

विरात्रे छन्नकुड्यच्छायासंचारिणं विरूपद्रव्याणामदेशकालविक्रेतारं जातवैरशयं हीनकर्मजातिं ॥ कZ_०४.६.०२f ॥

(One is suspect who) moves at night along concealed walls and shadows, sells unusual goods at improper places and times, harbors an established disposition of enmity, and is of degraded/violent occupational type.

Sutra 3

रूपाभिग्रहस्तु नष्टापहृतमविद्यमानं तज्जातव्यवहारिषु निवेदयेत् ॥ कZ_०४.६.०३ ॥

In “rūpābhigraha” (identification/claim control), one shall report missing or stolen property that is not found to traders/dealers who handle goods of that kind.

Sutra 4

तच्चेन्निवेदितमासाद्य प्रच्छादयेयुः साचिव्यकरदोषमाप्नुयुः ॥ कZ_०४.६.०४ ॥

If, after receiving such notice, they conceal it, they incur an offense equivalent to being an accomplice (sācivya-kara-doṣa).

Sutra 5

अजानन्तोऽस्य द्रव्यस्यातिसर्गेण मुच्येरन् ॥ कZ_०४.६.०५ ॥

Those who did not know (its illicit status) are released from liability by surrendering the property.

Sutra 6

न चानिवेद्य संस्थाध्यक्षस्य पुराणभाण्डानामाधानं विक्रयं वा कुर्युः ॥ कZ_०४.६.०६ ॥

Nor shall they pledge/deposit or sell old goods without notifying the Superintendent of the establishment (saṃsthādhyakṣa).

Sutra 7

तच्चेन्निवेदितमासाद्येत रूपाभिगृहीतमागमं पृच्छेत्कुतस्ते लब्धमिति ॥ कZ_०४.६.०७ ॥

If, after such notification, the item is seized/identified, one shall question its provenance: ‘From where did you obtain it?’

Sutra 8

स चेत्ब्रूयात्दायाद्यादवाप्तममुष्माल् लब्धं क्रीतं कारितमाधिप्रच्छन्नमयमस्य देशः कालश्चोपसम्प्राप्तेः अयमस्यार्घः प्रमाणं लक्षणं मूल्यं च इति तस्यागमसमाधौ मुच्येत ॥ कZ_०४.६.०८ ॥

If he states: ‘It was obtained by inheritance (etc.); received from that person; purchased; commissioned/made; or taken in pledge’; and specifies the place and time of acquisition, along with its price, measure, identifying marks, and valuation—then, upon settling the provenance, he is released.

Sutra 9

नाष्टिकश्चेत्तदेव प्रतिसंदध्यात् यस्या पूर्वो दीर्घश्च परिभोगः शुचिर्वा देशस्तस्य द्रव्यमिति विद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.६.०९ ॥

If there is no claimant for the loss, one shall reassign the same (property). One should recognize as owner the person whose possession and use are prior and long-standing, or whose locality/possession is ‘clean’ (uncontested and reputable).

Sutra 10

चतुष्पदद्विपदानामपि हि रूपलिङ्गसामान्यं भवति किमङ्ग पुनरेकयोनिद्रव्यकर्तृप्रसूतानां कुप्याभरणभाण्डानामिति ॥ कZ_०४.६.१० ॥

Even among quadrupeds and bipeds there can be similarity of form and identifying marks; how much more, then, for goods such as wrought articles, ornaments, and vessels produced from the same source-material and by the same maker—i.e., they may look alike.

Sutra 11

स चेद्ब्रूयात् याचितकमवक्रीतकमाहितकं निक्षेपमुपनिधिं वैयावृत्यकर्म वामुष्य इति तस्यापसारप्रतिसंधानेन मुच्येत ॥ कZ_०४.६.११ ॥

If he states, “This belongs to that person as a loaned item, a purchased item, a pledged/deposited item, a deposit, a concealed deposit, or wages for service,” then he may be released by restoring it to the rightful party (i.e., by making good the removal).

Sutra 12

नैवमित्यपसारो वा ब्रूयात् रूपाभिगृहीतः परस्य दानकारणमात्मनः प्रतिग्रहकारणमुपलिङ्गनं वा दायकदापकनिबन्धकप्रतिग्राहकोपद्रष्टृभिरुपश्रोतृभिर्वा प्रतिसमानयेत् ॥ कZ_०४.६.१२ ॥

If he says, “Not so,” or alleges, “it was removed,” then—when a person has been seized/identified by appearance—the court should require corroboration: the giver’s grounds for giving, the receiver’s grounds for receiving, or other identifying indications, to be established through the giver, the one who arranged the giving, the document-writer, the receiver, eyewitnesses, or hearers.

Sutra 13

उज्झितप्रनष्टनिष्पतितोपलब्धस्य देशकाललाभोपलिङ्गनेन शुद्धिः ॥ कZ_०४.६.१३ ॥

For one who has obtained an item that was abandoned, lost, strayed/escaped, or later found, clearance is by corroborating circumstances of place, time, and manner of acquisition.

Sutra 14

अशुद्धस्तच्च तावच्च दण्डं दद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.६.१४ ॥

If he is not cleared, then for that extent and for that duration he shall pay a fine.

Sutra 15

अन्यथा स्तेयदण्डं भजेत । इति रूपाभिग्रहः ॥ कZ_०४.६.१५ ॥

Otherwise, he shall incur the punishment for theft. Thus ends “identification by appearance/marks” (rūpābhigraha).

Sutra 16

कर्माभिग्रहस्तु मुषितवेश्मनः प्रवेशनिष्कसनमद्वारेण द्वारस्य संधिना बीजेन वा वेधमुत्तमागारस्य जालवातायननीप्रवेधमारोहणावतरणे च कुड्यस्य वेधमुपखननं वा गूढद्रव्यनिक्षेपणग्रहणोपायमुपदेशोपलभ्यमभ्यन्तरच्छेदोत्करपरिमर्दोपकरणमभ्यन्तरकृतं विद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.६.१६ ॥

As for “identification by acts” (karmābhigraha): in a burgled house, entry and exit not through the door; boring through the door-joints or by means of a key/implement; piercing the lattice/window/vent of a superior house; ascending/descending with wall-boring or tunneling; methods for hiding and retrieving valuables learned by instruction—these, along with cuttings, heaps, smudges, and tools found inside, indicate an inside job.

Sutra 17

विपर्यये बाह्यकृतमुभयत उभयकृतम् ॥ कZ_०४.६.१७ ॥

In the reverse case it is an outside job; and when indications exist on both sides, it is done by both (insiders and outsiders together).

Sutra 18

परिचारकजनं वा तद्विधाचारमतिस्वप्नं निद्राक्लान्तमाविग्नं शुष्कभिन्नस्वरमुखवर्णमनवस्थितं ॥ कZ_०४.६.१८ब् ॥

Or suspect attendants/servants showing such conduct: excessive sleep, fatigue from lack of sleep, agitation, a dry and altered voice, changed face/color, and unsteadiness.

Sutra 28

अतिप्रलापिनमुच्चारोहणसंरब्धगात्रं विलूननिघृष्टभिन्नपाटितशरीरवस्त्रं जातकिणसंरब्धहस्तपादं ॥ कZ_०४.६.१८च् ॥

Sutra 29

पांसुपूर्णकेशनखं विलूनभुग्नकेशनखं वा सम्यक्स्नातानुलिप्तं तैलप्रमृष्टगात्रं सद्योदौतहस्तपादं वा ॥ कZ_०४.६.१८द् ॥

Sutra 30

पांसुपिच्छिलेषु तुल्यपादपदनिक्षेपं प्रवेशनिष्कसनयोर्वा तुल्यमाल्यमद्यगन्धवस्त्रच्छेदविलेपनस्वेदं परीक्षेत ॥ कZ_०४.६.१८ए ॥

Sutra 31

चोरं पारदारिकं वा विद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.६.१९ ॥

Sutra 32

सगोपस्थानिको बाह्यं प्रदेष्टा चोरमार्गणम् ॥ कZ_०४.६.२०अब् ॥

Sutra 33

कुर्यान्नागरिकश्चान्तर्दुर्गे निर्दिष्टहेतुभिः ॥ कZ_०४.६.२०च्द् ॥