Rig Veda Sukta 91
Mandala 9Sukta 916 Mantras

Sukta 91

Sukta 9.91

Rishi

Rebha Kāśyapa (common attribution for RV 9.91; verify in Anukramaṇī/critical apparatus)

Devata

Soma Pavamāna (with inner Agni/vahni as functional presence)

Chandas

Jagatī (probable; confirm metrically)

This short Pavamāna hymn celebrates Soma as he is “sent forth” through the woolen filter, moving like a race-chariot toward the gods’ seats while carrying an inner fire (vahni). As Soma becomes purified, he is invoked to shatter hostile powers (rakṣas), spread victorious plenitudes (vājās), and finally to grant waters, solar “cows” (rays/illumined powers), offspring, broad fields, and enduring vision of the Sun (truth-light).

Recitation with translationRig Veda 9.91

Mantras

Mantra 1

असर्जि वक्वा रथ्ये यथाजौ धिया मनोता प्रथमो मनीषी । दश स्वसारो अधि सानो अव्येऽजन्ति वह्निं सदनान्यच्छ ॥

He is sent forth—strong-voiced—like a chariot in the race, by the thought that consents; the first of the seers in his discerning. The ten sisters, upon the woolly ridge, drive the carrier-fire toward the seats (of the gods), toward the right abodes.

Mantra 2

वीती जनस्य दिव्यस्य कव्यैरधि सुवानो नहुष्येभिरिन्दुः । प्र यो नृभिरमृतो मर्त्येभिर्मर्मृजानोऽविभिर्गोभिरद्भिः ॥

For the enjoyment of the divine people, by the poets’ inspirations, the Soma-drop is pressed out with the Nahushya men. He advances—immortal among mortals—being cleansed and clarified by the sheep (wool), by the cows (rays), and by the waters (streams of clarity).

Mantra 3

वृषा वृष्णे रोरुवदंशुरस्मै पवमानो रुशदीर्ते पयो गोः । सहस्रमृक्वा पथिभिर्वचोविदध्वस्मभिः सूरो अण्वं वि याति ॥

A Bull for the Bull, the roaring ray for him; purified, he rises shining—the milk of the Cow. A thousand-voiced seer, knower of the word, along our paths the Sun moves forth, spreading his subtle course.

Mantra 4

रुजा दृळ्हा चिद्रक्षसः सदांसि पुनान इन्द ऊर्णुहि वि वाजान् । वृश्चोपरिष्टात्तुजता वधेन ये अन्ति दूरादुपनायमेषाम् ॥

Break even the firm-set seats of the Rakshasas; O purified Indu, unfold and spread out the vājās—plenitudes of victorious force. Cut down from above with the smiting weapon those who, whether near or far, press in upon our path.

Mantra 5

स प्रत्नवन्नव्यसे विश्ववार सूक्ताय पथः कृणुहि प्राचः । ये दुःषहासो वनुषा बृहन्तस्ताँस्ते अश्याम पुरुकृत्पुरुक्षो ॥

As of old, yet for what is ever new, O all-desirable Soma, make for the inspired word the forward paths. Those vast and hard-to-bear resistances that confront us in the struggle—may we reach beyond them by your power, O doer of much, O wide-acting one.

Mantra 6

एवा पुनानो अपः स्वर्गा अस्मभ्यं तोका तनयानि भूरि । शं नः क्षेत्रमुरु ज्योतींषि सोम ज्योङ्नः सूर्यं दृशये रिरीहि ॥

Thus, O Soma, purified, bring for us the Waters, the luminous Cows of the Sun-world, and abundant births of our being—children and continuations. Make wide our field in peace; widen the lights for us. For long, set the Sun before us to be seen—establish a lasting vision of the Truth-light.

Inside Sukta 91

How it unfolds

  1. Where it opens

    Soma is launched forth with a powerful voice, racing like a chariot; the ‘ten sisters’ on the woolen ridge drive the bearer-force toward the divine seats (9.91.1).

  2. Development

    Purification becomes power: Soma spreads vājās (victorious plenitudes) and is invoked to break and cut down hostile forces that threaten the path of the rite (cf. 9.91.4).

  3. Climax

    The hymn’s peak is the protective and expansive command—shatter rakṣas, unfold the forces of victory, and clear the way for right approach.

  4. Where it settles

    It resolves in beneficent boons: waters, solar cows (illumined powers), abundant progeny, broad peaceful fields, widened lights, and enduring vision of the Sun (9.91.6).

The deity: Soma Pavamāna

  • In the VedaSoma is the pressed and flowing sacred drink, praised as Indu (“bright drop”) as he runs through the sheep’s wool filter and becomes fit for the gods. He is simultaneously a luminous, truth-bearing power that drives toward the divine seats, carrying a ‘vahni’—a bearer-fire/impelling energy—within the rite.
  • Cosmic functionMediator between human and divine: by purification and offering he strengthens the gods, releases vitality and victory (vāja), and upholds ṛta by repelling disorder and hostile beings.
  • Inner significanceThe clarified consciousness: thoughts and energies are ‘filtered’ into clarity, gaining force to cut through inner obscurations and to establish a steady vision of the Sun—symbol of truth and awakened awareness.

The seer

  • Rebha KāśyapaKāśyapa gotra (traditional attribution in Anukramaṇī for this hymn) · A seer-voice associated with inspired utterance (rebha, “praise/chant”) and with Soma-Pavamāna hymns that link ritual purification to inner illumination and protection against hostile forces.

Famous verses

daśa svasāro adhi sāno avye
Verse 9.91.1Sets the core imagery of Pavamāna: Soma’s dynamic ‘sending forth,’ the woolen filter, and the ‘ten sisters’ driving the inner bearer-fire toward the gods’ abodes—linking ritual mechanics with cosmic movement.Read verse 9.91.1 →
रुजा दृळ्हा चिद्रक्षसः सदांसि पुनान इन्द ऊर्णुहि वि वाजान् । वृश्चोपरिष्टात्तुजता वधेन ये अन्ति दूरादुपनायमेषाम् ॥
Verse 9.91.4Central protective verse: Soma is asked to smash rakṣas strongholds and to spread vājās, while cutting down those who obstruct the path—showing Soma as both purifier and warrior-force.Read verse 9.91.4 →
jyoṅ naḥ sūryaṃ dṛśaye
Verse 9.91.6Concluding benediction: petitions for waters, solar cows, progeny, wide fields, widened lights, and long-lasting sight of the Sun—an explicit bridge from rite to life and from outer light to inner vision.Read verse 9.91.6 →

Attributes of the deity

  • Pavamāna (self-purifying/flowing)
  • Indu (bright drop)
  • Vāja-dātā (giver/spreader of victorious plenitude)
  • Rakṣo-han (breaker of hostile powers)
  • Sūrya-dṛś (establisher of solar vision)

Also by this seer

  • Attribution in tradition to several Soma-Pavamāna (Mandala 9) verses/hymns under Kāśyapa-associated seers (hymn-level attributions vary by recensional/Anukramaṇī lists).
  • Kāśyapa lineage is broadly prominent across the Rigveda and later Vedic/Itihāsa traditions as a foundational seer-family connected with cosmic order and progenitive continuity.

The rite, step by step

  • Press Soma and mix with water; set the flow toward the filter.
  • Chant Pavamāna verses as Soma runs over/through the woolen strainer (āvya sāna).
  • Direct the purified Soma toward the gods’ seats; accompany with protective intent against rakṣas and obstructions.
  • Offer clarified Soma into the proper cups/offerings for the deities, seeking vāja (strength/victory) and well-being.
  • Conclude with petitions for waters, ‘cows’ (rays/wealth), offspring, wide fields, and lasting sight of the Sun.

Offerings

  • Pressed Soma juice (pavamāna)
  • Water used in purification/mixing
  • Ghee/oblations as part of the Soma rite (contextual to the yajña)

Frequently Asked Questions

The hymn praises Soma Pavamāna—Soma as he flows and becomes purified through the woolen filter—also carrying an inner ‘vahni’ (impelling fire/bearer-force) in the ritual.

It is a ritual-poetic image for the filtering and guiding forces around Soma’s purification—often understood as the fingers/streams or agencies that drive the Soma over the woolen strainer toward the gods’ seats.

It asks for protection from hostile forces, the spreading of victorious strength (vāja), and blessings such as waters, ‘solar cows’ (rays/wealth), children and continuity, wide peaceful fields, and lasting sight of the Sun (truth-light).

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