Rig Veda Sukta 42
Mandala 4Sukta 426 Mantras

Sukta 42

Sukta 4.42

Rishi

Vāmadeva Gautama (hymn RV 4.42 traditionally associated with Vāmadeva; dialogic/self-declaratory style)

Devata

Varuṇa (self-proclamation; royal aspect)

Chandas

Triṣṭubh (probable)

RV 4.42 is a striking self-declaratory hymn in which the poetic voice speaks with the authority of Varuṇa’s kingship—upholding ṛta (cosmic order), sovereignty, and all-encompassing guardianship. The hymn also draws Indra into the field of power, contrasting and complementing Varuṇa’s moral-royal rule with Indra’s victorious force that releases the rivers. Its purpose is to affirm divine legitimacy and secure enduring prosperity (rāyī), protection, and unfailing abundance for the worshippers.

Recitation with translationRig Veda 4.42

Mantras

Mantra 2

अहं राजा वरुणो मह्यं तान्यसुर्याणि प्रथमा धारयन्त । क्रतुं सचन्ते वरुणस्य देवा राजामि कृष्टेरुपमस्य वव्रेः ॥

I am king Varuṇa; for me the primal Asuric powers upheld those mighty workings. The gods cleave to Varuṇa’s will; I rule the peoples, wrapped in the supreme encompassing.

Mantra 4

अहमपो अपिन्वमुक्षमाणा धारयं दिवं सदन ऋतस्य । ऋतेन पुत्रो अदितेॠतावोत त्रिधातु प्रथयद्वि भूम ॥

I made the waters swell, pouring their increase; I upheld heaven in the seat of ṛta. By ṛta, the son of Aditi, established in ṛta, he spread out the threefold foundation and widened the earth.

Mantra 6

अहं ता विश्वा चकरं नकिर्मा दैव्यं सहो वरते अप्रतीतम् । यन्मा सोमासो ममदन्यदुक्थोभे भयेते रजसी अपारे ॥

I have done all those works; no divine power can choose a might beyond me, unsurpassed. When the Soma-streams exhilarate me, when the hymns uplift me, then both the wide realms tremble in the farthest reaches.

Mantra 7

विदुष्टे विश्वा भुवनानि तस्य ता प्र ब्रवीषि वरुणाय वेधः । त्वं वृत्राणि शृण्विषे जघन्वान्त्वं वृताँ अरिणा इन्द्र सिन्धून् ॥

All beings know that of you; therefore, O wise one, you proclaim it forth to Varuṇa. You, Indra, the slayer, shatter the Vṛtras; you set free the pent-up rivers.

Mantra 8

अस्माकमत्र पितरस्त आसन्त्सप्त ऋषयो दौर्गहे बध्यमाने । त आयजन्त त्रसदस्युमस्या इन्द्रं न वृत्रतुरमर्धदेवम् ॥

Here, in our own field of being, thy Fathers were established—seven seers—when the hard-to-grasp (light/wealth) was being bound. Then they offered and formed Trasadasyu of this lineage, like Indra, the smiter of the Coverer, a power half-divine (still becoming fully luminous).

Mantra 10

राया वयं ससवांसो मदेम हव्येन देवा यवसेन गावः । तां धेनुमिन्द्रावरुणा युवं नो विश्वाहा धत्तमनपस्फुरन्तीम् ॥

May we rejoice, having won the Rayi—fullness of being—by the offering; and may the luminous powers, and the herds of light, thrive by the nourishing increase. That milking Cow (the streaming source of abundance), O Indra–Varuṇa, set in us for all time—unfailing, never slipping away.

Inside Sukta 42

How it unfolds

  1. Where it opens

    The hymn opens with a heightened assertion of divine kingship and the primordial support of ‘Asuric’ powers—signaling Varuṇa’s foundational authority.

  2. Development

    The voice elaborates Varuṇa’s kratu and encompassing rule, then brings Indra’s well-known victory over Vṛtra into dialogue as a complementary mode of divine power.

  3. Climax

    The peak is the explicit self-proclamation—“ahaṃ rājā varuṇaḥ”—where sovereignty, ṛta, and universal governance are claimed in a single revelatory stance.

  4. Where it settles

    It resolves in a practical boon: sustained rāyī and the unfailing ‘milking cow’ of abundance, secured by Indra–Varuṇa for the worshippers’ lasting well-being.

The deity: Varuṇa

  • In the VedaVaruṇa is portrayed as a royal Asura—majestic, far-seeing, and all-encompassing—who upholds ṛta, binds wrongdoing, and protects the truthful through his sovereign will (kratu).
  • Cosmic functionGuardian of cosmic and moral order: stabilizing the worlds, overseeing truth and contracts, restraining chaos, and maintaining the right functioning of waters, night-sky vastness, and law-like regularity.
  • Inner significanceThe principle of conscience and inner law: the capacity to hold oneself to truth, self-restraint, clarity, and alignment with a larger order; the ‘kingly’ center that governs impulses and preserves integrity.

The seer

  • Vāmadeva GautamaGautama gotra · A prominent seer of the Fourth Maṇḍala noted for bold, visionary diction and occasional self-proclamatory (ahaṃ) speech that dramatizes divine power and identity.

Famous verses

ahaṃ rājā varuṇaḥ
Verse 4.42.2Central proclamation of Varuṇa’s kingship and the gods’ alignment with his will (kratu), encapsulating the hymn’s royal-ṛta theology.Read verse 4.42.2 →
विदुष्टे विश्वा भुवनानि तस्य ता प्र ब्रवीषि वरुणाय वेधः । त्वं वृत्राणि शृण्विषे जघन्वान्त्वं वृताँ अरिणा इन्द्र सिन्धून् ॥
Verse 4.42.7Shows the hymn’s dialogic breadth by invoking Indra’s Vṛtra-slaying and river-releasing power in relation to Varuṇa—linking moral sovereignty with victorious liberation.Read verse 4.42.7 →
anapasphurantīm
Verse 4.42.10Concludes with the concrete prayer for enduring prosperity (rāyī) and the unfailing source of nourishment (dhenū), addressed to Indra–Varuṇa as stabilizers of abundance.Read verse 4.42.10 →

Attributes of the deity

  • Sovereignty and kingship (rājā)
  • Upholder of ṛta (cosmic/moral order)
  • All-encompassing protection (the ‘enveloper’ imagery)
  • Far-seeing wisdom and oversight
  • Binding and releasing power (restraint of fault; safeguarding the righteous)

Also by this seer

  • Major authorship within Rigveda Maṇḍala 4 (many hymns attributed to Vāmadeva)
  • Hymns to Indra, Agni, and allied deities characterized by energetic praise and requests for protection and wealth

The rite, step by step

  • Ācamana/inner settling: establish truth-intent (satya-saṅkalpa) and recollection of ṛta
  • Agni kindling and opening oblations (āghāra) to prepare the offering-field
  • Recitation of the sukta (or selected mantras) with emphasis on Varuṇa’s sovereignty and kratu
  • Optional paired invocation to Indra–Varuṇa for obstacle-breaking and abundance-stabilizing
  • Closing oblation and prayer for unfailing ‘dhenū’ (stream of nourishment/wealth) and protection

Offerings

  • Ghṛta (ghee) into Agni
  • Soma (where applicable in Soma context) or symbolic soma-offering
  • Havis (simple cooked offering) or grains
  • Water libation (āpaḥ) as a Varuṇa-linked gesture of purification and order

Frequently Asked Questions

It is a poetic, revelatory style where the seer speaks with the deity’s authority to proclaim Varuṇa’s sovereignty and the supremacy of ṛta (cosmic and moral order).

Varuṇa is primary in the hymn’s royal self-proclamation, but Indra appears as a complementary power—especially as the one who breaks Vṛtra and releases the rivers—culminating in requests to Indra–Varuṇa together.

It is an image for an unfailing stream of nourishment and prosperity—abundance that keeps giving without slipping away—asked to be established permanently in the worshippers’ life.

Ask anything about Sukta 42 of the Rig Veda

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