Arthashastra 3.1.2: Dharmasthiya, Adhyaya 1, Sutra 2

Devanagari script

तिरोहितान्तरगारनक्तारण्योपध्युपह्वरकृतांश्च व्यवहारान्प्रतिषेधयेयुः ॥

Recitation with translationArthashastra 3.1.2

Transliteration

tirohitāntaragāranaktāraṇyopadhyupahvarakṛtāṃś ca vyavahārān pratiṣedhayeyuḥ

Translation

Sie sollen Transaktionen und Geschäfte verbieten, die im Verborgenen stattfinden—innerhalb (privater) Häuser, nachts, in Wäldern, unter Vorwänden oder an abgeschiedenen Orten.

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Word by Word

• तिरोहित: hidden, concealed
• Type: Participle (Adjectival)
• Root: तिरो-धा (√धा)
• Form: कृदन्त; भूतकर्मणि/भूतकृत्; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त; प्रथमा/द्वितीया बहुवचन-समर्थ (समासपूर्वपद)

• अन्तर: inside, interior
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: अन्तर
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; (समासपूर्वपद)

• गार: house, dwelling
• Type: Noun
• Root: गार
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग/नपुंसकलिङ्ग (प्रयोगानुसार); (समासपूर्वपद)

• नक्त: night; nocturnal
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: नक्त
• Form: (समासपूर्वपद)

• अरण्य: forest, wilderness
• Type: Noun
• Root: अरण्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; (समासपूर्वपद)

• उपधि: fraud, deceit; a trick/stratagem
• Type: Noun
• Root: उपधि
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग/पुंलिङ्ग; (समासपूर्वपद)

• उपह्वर: a secluded/hidden spot, covert place
• Type: Noun
• Root: उपह्वर
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; (समासपूर्वपद)

• कृत: done, committed, carried out
• Type: Participle (Adjectival)
• Root: √कृ
• Form: कृदन्त; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त; (समासपूर्वपद)

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: समुच्चयार्थक अव्यय

• व्यवहारान्: lawsuits, legal cases/disputes, judicial matters
• Type: Noun
• Root: व्यवहार
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; द्वितीया बहुवचन

• प्रतिषेधयेयुः: they should prohibit/forbid; they should bar (them)
• Type: Verb
• Root: प्रति-√षिध् (प्रतिषेधयति)
• Form: लिङ् (विधिलिङ्); परस्मैपदम्; प्रथमपुरुष; बहुवचन; causative/denominative formation प्रतिषेधय- ‘to prohibit/stop’

Entities Mentioned

• judicial authorities
• market participants (implied)

More Details

FAQs

What governance objective is served by banning concealed transactions?

To reduce fraud and coercion by forcing dealings into observable, attestable settings where witnesses, records, and accountability are possible.