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Ramayana — Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 52, Shloka 100

गङ्गातरणम्, सुमन्त्र-प्रतिनिवर्तनम्, जटाधारणम्

Crossing the Gaṅgā; Sumantra’s Return; Adoption of Ascetic Signs

Devanagari script

गतं तु गङ्गापरपारमाशुरामं सुमन्त्रः प्रततं निरीक्ष्य।अध्वप्रकर्षाद्विनिवृत्तदृष्टिर्मुमोच बाष्पं व्यथित स्तपस्वी।।2.52.100।।

Transliteration

gataṃ tu gaṅgāparapāram āśu rāmaṃ sumantraḥ pratataṃ nirīkṣya | adhva-prakarṣād vinivṛtta-dṛṣṭir mumoca bāṣpaṃ vyathitas tapasvī ||

Translation

苏曼特罗一直凝望着罗摩，见他迅速抵达恒河彼岸；直到遥远的距离迫使他收回目光，那受苦之人、为悲痛所压的苦行者，终于泪如泉涌。

Word by Word
gatamgone, having reached
gatam:
Karma (कर्म)
TypeAdjective
Root√gam (धातु) + gata (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक)
FormKta-participle (क्त), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); used adjectivally with 'rāmam'
tubut, indeed
tu:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
TypeIndeclinable
Roottu (अव्यय)
FormParticle (निपात), contrast/emphasis
gaṅgā-para-pāramthe farther bank of the Ganga
gaṅgā-para-pāram:
Karma (कर्म) / Gati-karman (गतिकर्म) as destination
TypeNoun
Rootgaṅgā (प्रातिपदिक) + para (प्रातिपदिक) + pāra (प्रातिपदिक)
FormTatpuruṣa (तत्पुरुष) compound; Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)
āśuswiftly
āśu:
Kriyā-viśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootāśu (अव्यय/प्रातिपदिक)
FormAdverb (क्रियाविशेषण)
rāmamRama
rāmam:
Karma (कर्म) (object of 'nirīkṣya')
TypeNoun
Rootrāma (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)
sumantraḥSumantra
sumantraḥ:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootsumantra (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)
pratatamcontinuously
pratatam:
Kriyā-viśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootpratata (प्रातिपदिक)
FormAdverbial accusative (क्रियाविशेषणरूपेण द्वितीया), ‘continuously’
nirīkṣyahaving gazed at
nirīkṣya:
Pūrvakāla-kriyā (पूर्वकालक्रिया)
TypeVerb
Root√īkṣ (धातु) + ni- (उपसर्ग)
FormAbsolutive/Gerund (क्त्वान्त/ल्यप्), ‘having looked/gazed’
adhva-prakarṣātdue to the long distance of the road
adhva-prakarṣāt:
Hetu/Apādāna (हेतु/अपादान)
TypeNoun
Rootadhvan (प्रातिपदिक) + prakarṣa (प्रातिपदिक)
FormTatpuruṣa compound; Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Ablative (5th/पञ्चमी), Singular (एकवचन); cause/source sense
vinivṛtta-dṛṣṭiḥone whose gaze had turned back/away
vinivṛtta-dṛṣṭiḥ:
Karta (कर्ता) (as qualifier)
TypeAdjective
Rootvi-ni-√vṛt (धातु) + dṛṣṭi (प्रातिपदिक)
FormBahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) compound; Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन); qualifying 'sumantraḥ'
mumocareleased, shed
mumoca:
Kriyā (क्रिया)
TypeVerb
Root√muc (धातु)
FormPerfect (लिट्), 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष), Singular (एकवचन), Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद)
bāṣpamtears
bāṣpam:
Karma (कर्म)
TypeNoun
Rootbāṣpa (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)
vyathitaḥdistressed
vyathitaḥ:
Karta (कर्ता) (as qualifier)
TypeAdjective
Root√vyath (धातु) + vyathita (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक)
FormKta-participle (क्त), Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन); qualifying 'tapasvī/sumantraḥ'
tapasvīthe ascetic-like (miserable) one
tapasvī:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Roottapasvin (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन); apposition to 'sumantraḥ'
Context

The charioteer (Sumantra) approached the righteous Rama and asked him with folded hands: What can I do?

Characters & Entities
S
Sumantra
R
Rāma
G
Gaṅgā

FAQs

Faithful attachment to righteousness: Sumantra’s grief reflects devotion to Rāma’s dharmic path and the pain of parting from virtue embodied.

After Rāma crosses the Gaṅgā, Sumantra watches until distance makes it impossible, then turns back in sorrow.

Sumantra’s loyalty and heartfelt compassion—his service is not merely official but deeply personal.

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