Shloka 66

Adhyaya 15 — Karmic Retribution: Rebirths After Naraka and the King’s Compassion in Hell

Sanskrit

यमपुरुष उवाच एष धर्मश्च शक्रश्च त्वां नेतुं समुपागतौ ।

अवश्यं अस्माद् गन्तव्यं तस्मात् पार्थिव गम्यताम् ॥

Transliteration

yamapuruṣa uvāca eṣa dharmaś ca śakraś ca tvāṃ netuṃ samupāgatau |

avaśyaṃ asmād gantavyaṃ tasmāt pārthiva gamyatām ||

Translation

یَم کے ایک خادم نے کہا—‘یہاں دھرم اور شکر (اِندر) تمہیں لے جانے آئے ہیں۔ یہاں سے تمہیں یقیناً روانہ ہونا ہے؛ لہٰذا، اے بادشاہ، ایسا ہی ہو—جاؤ۔’

Word by Word

• yamapuruṣaḥ: Yama’s attendant
• yamapuruṣaḥ: Karta (कर्ता) of uvāca
• Type: Noun
• Root: yama-puruṣa (प्रातिपदिक; यम+पुरुष)
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular; तत्पुरुष—‘यमस्य पुरुषः’ (servant/messenger of Yama)

• uvāca: said
• uvāca: Kriyā (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: vac (धातु)
• Form: Perfect (लिट्), 3rd person, Singular, Parasmaipada

• eṣaḥ: this (one)
• eṣaḥ: Karta (कर्ता) of implied ‘asti’ / subject of identification
• Type: Noun
• Root: etad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular; demonstrative pronoun

• dharmaḥ: Dharma
• dharmaḥ: Apposition (समानाधिकरण) with eṣaḥ
• Type: Noun
• Root: dharma (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• ca: and
• ca: Samuccaya
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Conjunction

• śakraḥ: Śakra (Indra)
• śakraḥ: Karta (कर्ता) (co-subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: śakra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• ca: and
• ca: Samuccaya
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Conjunction

• tvām: you
• tvām: Karma (कर्म) of netum
• Type: Noun
• Root: yusmad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Accusative (द्वितीया), Singular; 2nd person pronoun

• netum: to lead
• netum: Prayojana (प्रयोजन) / purpose of samupāgatau
• Type: Verb
• Root: nī (धातु)
• Form: Infinitive (तुमुन्); ‘to lead’

• samupāgatau: have arrived
• samupāgatau: Kriyā (क्रिया) with dual subject dharmaḥ+śakraḥ
• Type: Verb
• Root: sam-upa-ā-gam (धातु) + kta (कृदन्त)
• Form: Past participle (क्त) used as finite-like; Masculine, Nominative, Dual (द्विवचन); ‘having come/arrived’

• avaśyam: certainly, necessarily
• avaśyam: Kriyā-viśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: avaśya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण) ‘necessarily’

• asmāt: from here
• asmāt: Apādāna (अपादान) with gantavyam
• Type: Noun
• Root: idam (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Ablative (पञ्चमी), Singular; ‘from here/from this (place)’

• gantavyam: must be departed
• gantavyam: Kriyā (क्रिया) obligation predicate
• Type: Verb
• Root: gam (धातु) + tavya (कृत्)
• Form: Gerundive/obligatory participle (तव्यत्), Neuter, Nominative, Singular; impersonal obligation ‘it must be gone’

• tasmāt: therefore
• tasmāt: Hetu (हेतु)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Ablative used adverbially ‘therefore’

• pārthiva: O king
• pārthiva: Sambodhana (सम्बोधन)
• Type: Noun
• Root: pārthiva (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine, Vocative (सम्बोधन), Singular; address to the king

• gamyatām: let (you) go / please proceed
• gamyatām: Kriyā (क्रिया) injunction
• Type: Verb
• Root: gam (धातु)
• Form: Imperative (लोट्), 3rd person, Singular, Ātmanepada (आत्मनेपद); passive-style command ‘let it be gone/please go’

Speakers

• Yama’s attendant (yamapuruṣa) to the king

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "bhayanaka", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Primary Deities

• Dharma
• Indra
• Yama (implied)

Key Themes

• Dharma
• Afterlife
• Divine order
• Inevitability (niyati-like tone)

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Even merit and divine favor operate within cosmic administration: dharma is escorted and verified. The verse underscores that transitions between states (nāraka/svarga) are governed, not random.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Narrative ethical-theological material (not a direct pancalakṣaṇa category), illustrating how dharma-phala is administered—supporting purāṇic dharma exposition.

What is the esoteric significance?

The ‘attendants’ symbolize karmic forces that compel movement from one experiential realm to another; the arrival of Dharma and Indra indicates that higher discernment and sovereignty are now relevant to the soul’s trajectory.