Ramayana — Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 49, Shloka 12

एकोनपञ्चाशः सर्गः (Sarga 49): Rāma’s Night Journey Beyond Kosala and the Charioteer Address

Devanagari script

गोमतीं चाप्यतिक्रम्य राघवः शीघ्रगैर्हयैः।मयूरहंसाभिरुतां ततार स्यन्दिकां नदीम्।।।।

Transliteration

gomatīṁ cāpy atikramya rāghavaḥ śīghragair hayaiḥ | mayūra-haṁsābhirutāṁ tatāra syandikāṁ nadīm ||

Translation

Sesudah melintasi Gomati, Rāghava, dibawa oleh kuda-kuda yang pantas, menyeberangi pula sungai Syandikā, yang bergema dengan seruan merak dan angsa.

Word by Word

• गोमतीम्: Gomatī (river)
• गोमतीम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: गोमती (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; द्वितीया; एकवचन

• च: and
• च: Connector (समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चयार्थक (conjunction)

• अपि: also
• अपि: Emphasis/Addition (निपात)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अपि (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; अप्यर्थक-निपात (also/even)

• अतिक्रम्य: having crossed
• अतिक्रम्य: Purvakala (पूर्वकाल)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अति-क्रम् (धातु)
• Form: क्त्वा-प्रत्ययान्त अव्ययभाव कृदन्त (gerund); ‘अतिक्रम्य’ = having crossed/overstepped

• राघवः: Rāghava (Rama)
• राघवः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: राघव (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा; एकवचन

• शीघ्रगैः: with swift-going
• शीघ्रगैः: Karana (करण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: शीघ्रग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; तृतीया (Instrumental); बहुवचन; विशेषण (adjective) हयैः; कर्मधारयः: शीघ्रं गच्छन्ति ये (swift-going)

• हयैः: horses
• हयैः: Karana (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: हय (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; तृतीया; बहुवचन

• मयूरहंसाभिरुताम्: resounding with peacocks and swans
• मयूरहंसाभिरुताम्: Karma-anvaya (कर्म-विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: मयूर + हंस + अभिरुत (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; द्वितीया; एकवचन; विशेषण नदीम्; तत्पुरुषः: मयूरहंसैः अभिरुता (resounding with peacocks and swans)

• ततार: crossed
• ततार: Kriya (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: तॄ (धातु)
• Form: लिट्-लकार (Perfect); परस्मैपद; प्रथमपुरुष; एकवचन

• स्यन्दिकाम्: Syandikā
• स्यन्दिकाम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: स्यन्दिका (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; द्वितीया; एकवचन; नदी-नाम (proper name)

• नदीम्: river
• नदीम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: नदी (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; द्वितीया; एकवचन

Context

Graceful Rama, best among men with a voice resembling that of an intoxicated swan, called the charioteer again and again and said:

Characters & Entities

• Rāma (Rāghava)
• Gomatī (river)
• peacocks (mayūra)
• swans (haṁsa)
• horses (haya)

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma appears as purposeful movement: Rama does not wander aimlessly but advances with resolve, while the text frames his journey within a harmonious natural world.

What is the narrative situation?

After Gomati, Rama crosses another river, Syandikā, accompanied by vivid sounds of birds.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Resolve and calm—he continues decisively, undistracted yet receptive to the world around him.