Valmiki Ramayana 2.105.25: Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 105, Shloka 25

भरतस्य प्रार्थना · रामस्य कालधर्मोपदेशः

Bharata’s Petition and Rama’s Instruction on Time and Mortality

Spoken by Bharata to Rama

Devanagari script

हृष्यन्त्यृतुमुखं दृष्ट्वा नवं नवमिहागतम् ।

ऋतूनां परिवर्तेन प्राणिनां प्राणसङ्क्षयः ॥२५॥

Recitation with translationValmiki Ramayana 2.105.25

Transliteration

hṛṣyanty ṛtumukhaṃ dṛṣṭvā navaṃ navam ihāgatam |

ṛtūnāṃ parivartena prāṇināṃ prāṇasaṅkṣayaḥ ||25||

Translation

जब नया मौसम आता है, लोग खुश होते हैं। हर बार नया लगता है। पर मौसम बदलने से इंसान की जान भी कम होती जाती है।

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Word by Word

• hṛṣyanti: rejoice
• Type: Verb
• Root: √hṛṣ (हृष् धातु)
• Form: Present (लट्), 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष), Plural (बहुवचन), Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद)
• Role: Kriya (क्रिया)

• ṛtu-mukham: the season’s onset
• Type: Noun
• Root: ṛtu (ऋतु) + mukha (मुख प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष: ऋतोः मुखम् = 'beginning/face of a season'
• Role: Karma (कर्म)
• Compound: Tatpurusha

• dṛṣṭvā: having seen
• Type: Verb
• Root: √dṛś (दृश् धातु)
• Form: Absolutive (क्त्वा/ल्यप्), Indeclinable (अव्ययभाव)
• Role: Kriya (क्रिया-पूर्वक)

• navam: new
• Type: Adjective
• Root: nava (नव प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)
• Role: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)

• navam: ever-new
• Type: Adjective
• Root: nava (नव प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); repetition for emphasis
• Role: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)

• iha: here/now
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: iha (इह अव्यय)
• Form: Adverb (देशवाचक अव्यय)
• Role: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण)

• āgatam: arrived
• Type: Adjective
• Root: āgata (आगत कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक; ā-√gam धातु)
• Form: Past participle (क्त), Neuter Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन) (agreeing with navam)
• Role: Karma (कर्म)

• ṛtūnām: of seasons
• Type: Noun
• Root: ṛtu (ऋतु प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Genitive (6th/षष्ठी), Plural (बहुवचन)
• Role: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/षष्ठी)

• parivartena: by the change/turning
• Type: Noun
• Root: parivarta (परिवर्त प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Instrumental (3rd/तृतीया), Singular (एकवचन)
• Role: Karaṇa (करण)

• prāṇinām: of living beings
• Type: Noun
• Root: prāṇin (प्राणिन् प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Genitive (6th/षष्ठी), Plural (बहुवचन)
• Role: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/षष्ठी)

• prāṇa-saṅkṣayaḥ: loss of life (breath)
• Type: Noun
• Root: prāṇa (प्राण) + saṅkṣaya (सङ्क्षय प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन); षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष: प्राणानां सङ्क्षयः = 'diminution of life-breath'
• Role: Karta (कर्ता)
• Compound: Tatpurusha

Sandhi Notes

• हृष्यन्त्यृतुमुखं = हृष्यन्ति + ऋतुमुखम्
• नवमिहागतम् = नवम् + इह + आगतम्

Context

At the advent of each new season men feel delighted to see the newly blossomedflowers and fruits. But with the change of the scasons the life span also diminishes.

The teaching

Seasonal novelty should not intoxicate the mind; each cycle also marks prāṇa’s depletion—live with awareness and dharmic urgency.

Ethical theme

Kāla-viveka / pramāda-tyāga

For your practice

Aligns with observing ṛtu-sandhi as reminders for renewed sādhana; encourages steady practice through changing moods and climates.

Mood and themes

Rasa

Shanta (peace), with Karuna (compassion)

Mood

Cyclical, sobering, contemplative

Themes

• Dharma
• Ethics
• Itihasa
• Vairagya
• Kāla (time)

Symbolism

Cross references

Meter and recitation

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma calls for sobriety amid pleasure: worldly novelty should not obscure the steady approach of time and death.

What is the narrative situation?

Bharata uses the cyclical beauty of seasons to teach Rāma that each change also marks life’s shortening.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Discernment (viveka): the ability to see beyond appearances to the underlying truth of kāla.