Adhyaya 39

Verse 1

ब्रह्मोवाच । शृणु पुत्र प्रवक्ष्यामि रहस्यं परमं मतम् । एते ब्रह्मविदः प्रोक्ताश्चातुर्विद्या महा द्विजाः

Brahmā said: Hear, my son; I shall proclaim a supreme teaching, a great secret. These are declared to be knowers of Brahman—great twice-born ones, learned in the fourfold knowledge.

Verse 2

स्वाध्यायाश्च वषट्काराः स्वधाकाराश्च नित्यशः । रामाज्ञापालकाश्चैव हनुमद्भक्तितत्पराः

They are devoted to svādhyāya (sacred self-study) and constantly perform the vaṣaṭ and svadhā invocations. They also uphold Rāma’s command and are intent upon devotion to Hanumān.

Verse 3

एकदा तु ततो देवा ब्रह्माणं समुपागताः । ब्राह्मणान्द्रष्टुकामास्ते ब्रह्मविष्णुपुरोगमाः

Once, the gods approached Brahmā, with Brahmā and Viṣṇu at their head, for they longed to behold the Brāhmaṇas and their sacred conduct.

Verse 4

तान्देवानागतान्दृष्ट्वा स्वस्थानाच्चलितास्तु ते । अर्घपाद्यं पुरस्कृत्य मधुपर्कं तथैव च

Seeing those gods arrive, they rose from their seats; and, setting forth the arghya and pādya offerings, they also presented the madhuparka with due honor.

Verse 5

पूजयित्वा ततो विप्रा देवान्ब्रह्मपुरोगमान् । ब्रह्मात्र उपविष्टास्ते वेदानुच्चारयन्ति हि

Having honored the gods with Brahmā at their head, the Brāhmaṇas then sat there in Brahmā’s presence and indeed began reciting the Vedas.

Verse 6

संहितां च पदं चैव क्रमं घनं तथैव च । उच्चैः स्वरेण कुर्वीत ऋचामृग्वेदसंहिताम्

They would chant the Ṛgvedic hymns in the saṃhitā, pada, krama, and ghana modes as well, performing the Ṛgveda-saṃhitā with clear, elevated intonation.

Verse 7

सामगाश्च प्रकुर्वंति स्तोत्राणि विविधानि च । शास्त्राणि च तथा याज्यापुरोनुवाक्या स्तथा

And the singers of the Sāmaveda would render diverse stotras of praise; likewise they would perform the ritual recitations—scriptural portions, the yājyā formulas, and the introductory puronuvākyā verses.

Verse 8

चतुरक्षरं परं चैव चतुरक्षरमेव च । द्व्यक्षरं च तथा पंचाक्षरं द्वयक्षरमेव च । एतद्यज्ञस्वरूपं च यो जपेज्ज्ञानपूर्वकम्

The supreme four-syllabled mantra, and likewise the four-syllabled; the two-syllabled, and also the five-syllabled, and again the two-syllabled—whoever, with understanding, repeats this as the very form of yajña (sacrifice)…

Verse 9

अंते ब्रह्म पदप्राप्तिः सत्यंसत्यं वदाम्यहम् । एकाग्रमानसाः सर्वे वेदपाठरता द्विजाः

In the end there is attainment of Brahman’s state—truth, truth, I declare. With minds made one-pointed, all the twice-born were devoted to Vedic recitation.

Verse 10

तेषामंगणदेशेषु कण्डूयन्ते कचान्मृगाः । ब्राह्मणा वेदमातां च जपंति विधिपूर्वकम्

In the courtyards of their homes and āśramas, deer would scratch their coats; and the Brāhmaṇas, in due observance, would chant the “Mother of the Veda” as well.

Verse 11

हस्ते धृतांश्च तैर्दर्भान्भक्षंते मृगपोतकाः । निर्वैरं तं तदा दृष्ट्वा आश्रमं गृहमेधिनाम्

And the fawns would eat the darbha-grass held in their hands. Seeing that householders’ āśrama to be free from hostility, its sanctity was recognized.

Verse 12

तुतुषुः परमं देवा ऊचुस्ते च परस्परम् । त्रेतायुगमिदानीं च सर्वे धर्मपरायणाः

The gods were supremely delighted and said to one another: “Now it is as though the Tretā-yuga has returned—everyone is devoted to dharma.”

Verse 13

कलिर्दुष्टस्तथा प्रोक्तः किं करिष्यति पापकः । चातुर्विद्यान्समाहूय ऊचुस्ते त्रय एव च

“Kali is declared to be wicked—what will that sinful one do?” Saying so, those three divine ones summoned the Cāturvidyas and addressed them.

Verse 14

वृत्त्यर्थं भवतां चैव त्रैविद्यानां तथैव च । विभागं वः प्रदास्यामो यथावत्प्रतिपाल्यताम्

“For your livelihood—and likewise for that of the Traividyas—we shall assign to you a fitting share; let it be maintained and observed exactly as prescribed.”

Verse 15

ये वणिजः पुरा प्रोक्ताः षट्त्रिंशच्च सहस्रकाः । त्रिसहस्रास्तु त्रैविद्या दशपंचसहस्रकाः

“Those merchants mentioned earlier are thirty-six thousand in number. The Traividyas are three thousand, while the Daśapañcasahasrakas are fifteen thousand.”

Verse 16

चातुर्विद्यास्तथा प्रोक्ता अन्योन्यं वृत्तिमाश्रिताः । सत्रिभागास्तु त्रैविद्याश्चतुर्भागास्तु चात्रिणः

“Thus the Cāturvidyas were declared, mutually dependent for their means of support. The Traividyas were assigned three shares, while the Cātriṇas were assigned four shares.”

Verse 17

वणिजां गृहमागत्य पौरोहित्यस्य नित्यशः । भागं विभज्य संप्रापुः काजेशेन विनिर्मिताः

Coming day after day to the merchants’ houses for priestly service, they received their allotted portions—arranged and instituted by Kājeśa.

Verse 18

परस्परं न विवाहश्चातुर्विद्यत्रिविद्ययोः । चातुर्विद्या मया प्रोक्तास्त्रिविद्यास्तु तथैव च

There shall be no intermarriage between the Cāturvidyas and the Trividyas. Thus have I declared the Cāturvidyas, and likewise the Trividyas as well.

Verse 19

त्रैविभागेन त्रैविद्याश्चतुर्भागेन चात्रिणः । एवं ज्ञातिविभागस्तु काजेशेन विनिर्मितः

The Trividyas were assigned a threefold share, and the Cātriṇas a fourfold share. Thus was the division among kin-groups instituted by Kājeśa.

Verse 20

कृतकृत्यास्तु ते विप्राः प्रणेमुस्तान्सुरोत्तमान् । वृत्तिं दत्त्वा ततो देवाः स्वस्थानं च प्रतस्थिरे

Having accomplished their purpose, those brāhmaṇas bowed to the foremost of the gods. Then the gods, having granted them their means of livelihood, departed to their own abode.

Verse 21

पंचपंचाशद्ग्रामाणां ते द्विजाश्च निवासिनः । चतुर्विद्यास्तु ते प्रोक्तास्तदादि तु त्रिविद्यकाः

Those twice-born (brāhmaṇas) became residents of fifty-five villages. They were designated as the Caturvidyas; from that point onward, others were known as the Trividyakas.

Verse 22

चातुर्विद्यस्य गोत्राणि दशपंच तथैव च । भारद्वाजस्तथा वत्सः कौशिकः ८ कुश एव च

The gotras of the Cāturvidyas are likewise fifteen in number—such as Bhāradvāja, Vatsa, Kauśika, and Kuśa, and others.

Verse 23

जातूकर्ण्यस्तथा कुंतो वशिष्ठो ११ धारणस्तथा

Likewise there are Jātūkarṇya and also Kuṃta; Vasiṣṭha (the eleventh), and Dhāraṇa as well.

Verse 24

आत्रेयो मांडिलश्चैव १४ लौगाक्षश्च १५ ततः परम् । स्वस्थानानां च नामानि प्रवक्ष्याम्यनुपूर्वशः

Ātreya and Māṃḍila as well (the fourteenth), and Laugākṣa (the fifteenth); thereafter I shall declare, in due order, the names of their own sacred abodes.

Verse 25

सीतापूरं च श्रीक्षेत्रं २ मगोडी च ३ तथा स्मृता । ज्येठलोजस्तथा चैव शेरथा च ततः परम्

Sītāpūra, and Śrīkṣetra (the second), and also Magoḍī (the third) are remembered; then come Jyeṭhaloja and Śerathā thereafter.

Verse 26

छेदे ताली वनोडी च गोव्यंदली तथैव च । कंटाचोषली चैव कोहेचं चंदनस्तथा

Cheda, Tālī, and Vanoḍī; likewise Govyaṃdalī as well; and also Kaṃṭācoṣalī, Kohecaṃ, and Caṃdana.

Verse 27

थलग्रामश्च सोहं च हाथंजं कपडवाणकम् । व्रजन्होरी च वनोडी च फीणां वगोलं दृणस्तथा

Thalagrāma and Sohaṃ; Hāthaṃjaṃ and Kapaḍavāṇaka; Vrajanhorī and Vanoḍī; Phīṇāṃ, Vagolaṃ, and also Dṛṇa.

Verse 28

थलजा चारणं सिद्धा भालजाश्च ततः परम् । महोवी आईया मलीआ गोधरी आमतः परम्

Thalajā, Cāraṇa, Siddhā, and thereafter Bhālajā; also Mahovī, Āīyā, Malīā, Godharī, and then Āmataḥ thereafter.

Verse 29

वाठसुहाली तथा चैव माणजा सानदीयास्तथा । आनन्दीया पाटडीअ टीकोलीया ततः परम्

Vāṭhasuhālī likewise; Māṇajā and also Sānadīyā; then Ānandīyā, Pāṭaḍīa, and Ṭīkolīyā thereafter.

Verse 30

गंभी धणीआ मात्रा च नातमोरास्तथैव च । वलोला रांत्यजाश्चैव रूपोला बोधणीच वै

Gaṃbhī, Dhaṇīā, and Mātrā; likewise Nātamorā as well; Valolā and also Rāṃtyajā; Rūpolā and Bodhaṇī indeed.

Verse 31

छत्रोटा अलु एवा च वासतडीआमतः परम् । जाषासणा गोतीया च चरणीया दुधीयास्तथा

Chatroṭā, and also Alu; then Vāsataḍī—after that; also Jāṣāsaṇā and Gotīyā; and likewise Caraṇīyā and Dudhīyā.

Verse 32

हालोला वैहोला च असाला नालाडास्तथा । देहोलो सौहासीया च संहालीयास्तथैव च

Hālolā and Vaiholā; Asālā and likewise Nālāḍā; Deholo, and also Sauhāsīyā; and likewise Saṃhālīyā as well.

Verse 33

स्वस्थानं पंचपत्ताशद्ग्रामा एते ह्यनुक्रमात् । दत्ता रामेण विधिवत्कृत्वा विप्रेभ्य एव च

These, in due order, are the fifty-five villages of Svasthāna—properly bestowed by Rāma, after performing the prescribed rites, upon the Brāhmaṇas.

Verse 34

अतः परं प्रवक्ष्यामि स्वस्थानस्य च गोत्रजान् । तथा हि प्रवरांश्चैव यथावद्विधिपूर्वकम्

Next, I shall explain the gotras belonging to Svasthāna, and likewise the pravaras—exactly as they are, in the proper order of tradition and rule.

Verse 35

ज्ञात्वा तु गोत्रदेवीं च तथा प्रवरमेव च । स्वस्थानं जायते चैव द्विजाः स्वस्थानवासिनः

But by knowing the presiding deity of one’s gotra, and likewise one’s pravara, Svasthāna is truly constituted—the twice-born who dwell in Svasthāna become established in their rightful identity.

Verse 36

नारद उवाच । कथं च जायते गोत्रं कथं तु ज्ञायते कुलम् । कथं वा ज्ञायते देवी तद्वदस्व यथार्थतः

Nārada said: How does a gotra arise, and how is a family-line (kula) known? And how is the (lineage) deity recognized? Tell me that truthfully and precisely.

Verse 37

ब्रह्मोवाच । सीतापुरं तु प्रथमं प्रवरद्वयमेव च । कुशवत्सौ तथा चात्र मया ते परिकीर्त्तितौ

Brahmā said: Sītāpura is the first; and its pravara is a pair. Here, Kuśa and Vatsa have likewise been declared by me to you.

Verse 38

१ श्रीक्षेत्रे द्वितीयं चैव गोत्राणां त्रयमेव च । छांदनसस्तथा वत्सस्तृतीयं कुशमेव च

In Śrīkṣetra lies the second settlement, and there are three gotras: Chāṃdanasa, Vatsa, and as the third, indeed Kuśa.

Verse 39

शोहोली च चतुर्थं वै कुशप्रवरमेव च

Śoholī is indeed the fourth, and its pravara is Kuśa.

Verse 40

श्रेयस्थानं हि षष्ठं वै भारद्वाजः कुशस्तथा

Śreyasthāna is indeed the sixth; its lineage markers are Bhāradvāja, and likewise Kuśa.

Verse 41

वटस्थानमष्टमं च निबोध सुतसत्तम

Know this: Vaṭasthāna is the eighth, O best of sons.

Verse 42

तत्र गोत्रं कुशं कुत्सं भारद्वाजं तथैव च । राज्ञः पुरं नवमं च भारद्वाजप्रवरमेव च ९

There, the gotras are Kuśa, Kutsa, and also Bhāradvāja. And Rājñaḥpura is the ninth, having Bhāradvāja as its pravara.

Verse 43

कृष्णवाटं दशमं चैव कुशप्रवरमेव च । दहलोडमेकादशं वत्सप्रवरमेव हि

The tenth is Kṛṣṇavāṭa, marked by the Kuśa pravara; and the eleventh is Dahaloḍa, indeed marked by the Vatsa pravara.

Verse 44

चेखलीद्वादशं पौककुशप्रवरमेव च

The twelfth is Cekhalī, likewise associated with the Pauka–Kuśa pravara.

Verse 45

चांचोदखे १२ देहोलोडी आत्रयश्च वत्सकुत्सकश्चैव । भारद्वाजीकोणाया च भारद्वाजगोलंदृणाशकुस्तथा

In Cāṃcodakha (twelve), Deholoḍī is linked with the Ātreya line, as well as with Vatsa–Kutsa; and affiliations are also stated with Bhāradvāja—Koṇāyā, and with Bhāradvāja—Golaṃdṛṇa—Āśaku.

Verse 46

थलत्यजाद्वये चैव कुशधारणमेव च । नारणसिद्धा च स्वस्थानं कुत्सं गोत्रं प्रकीर्तितम्

And in the pair called Thalatyajā, and likewise in Kuśa-dhāraṇa, and in Nāraṇa-siddhā—these are declared as their own proper stations; and the Kutsa gotra is proclaimed in connection with them.

Verse 47

भालजां कुत्सवत्सौ च मोहोवी आकुशस्तथा । ईयाश्लीआ शांडिलश्च गोधरीपात्रमेव च

Bhālajā is of the Kutsa–Vatsa affiliation; and Mohovī likewise belongs to the Ākuśa line. Likewise are mentioned Īyāślīā, Śāṇḍila, and also Godharī-pātra.

Verse 48

आनंदीया द्वे चैव भारद्वाजशांडिलश्चैव पाटडीआ कुशमेव च

There are two groups called Ānaṃdīyā; and there are those belonging to the Bhāradvāja–Śāṇḍila affiliation; and also the Pāṭaḍīā of the Kuśa line.

Verse 49

वांसडीआश्चैव जास्वा कौत्समणा वत्सआत्रेयौ गीता आकुशगौतमौ

And there are the Vāṃsaḍīā and the Jāsvā; Kautsa-maṇā; Vatsa–Ātreya; and the Gītā belonging to the Ākuśa–Gautama affiliation.

Verse 50

चरणीआ भारद्वाजः दुधीआधारणसा हि अहो सोन्नामांडिल्यस्तथा

Caraṇīā belongs to the Bhāradvāja line; Dudhīā is indeed of the Dhāraṇa branch; and likewise there is Sonnāmāṇḍilya.

Verse 51

वेलोला हुराश्चैवा असाला कुशश्चैव धारणा च द्वितीय कम्

Velolā and Hurā, and also Asālā; Kuśa as well; and Dhāraṇā—these make up the second set.

Verse 52

नालोला वत्सधारणीया च देलोला कुत्समेव च । सोहासीया भारद्वाजकुशवत्समेव च

Nālolā belongs to the Vatsa–Dhāraṇīya affiliation; Delolā is indeed of the Kutsa line; and Sohāsīyā, too, is of the Bhāradvāja–Kuśa–Vatsa affiliation.

Verse 53

सुहालीआ वत्सं वै प्रोक्तं गोत्राणि यथाक्रमम् । मया प्रोक्तानि चैवात्र स्वस्थानानि यथाक्रमम्

Indeed, ‘Suhālīā’ and ‘Vatsa’ have been stated, and the gotras in their proper sequence. Here too I have declared, in due order, their respective places of dwelling and settlement.

Verse 54

शीतवाडिया ये प्रोक्ताः कुशो वत्सस्तथैव च । विश्वामित्रो देवरातस्तृतीयो दलमेव च

Those called ‘Śītavāḍiyā’ have been mentioned, as well as ‘Kuśa’ and ‘Vatsa’. Viśvāmitra and Devarāta are stated, and the third is ‘Dala’ as well.

Verse 55

भार्गवच्यावनाप्नवानौर्वजमदग्निरेव हि । वचार्द्दशेषाबुटला गोत्रदेव्यः प्रकीर्तिताः

Bhārgava, Cyāvana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni are indeed declared. Along with them, the gotra-deities—Vāc, Arddhaśeṣā, and Abuṭalā—are also celebrated by name.

Verse 56

श्रीक्षेत्रं द्वितीयं प्रोक्तं गोत्रद्वितयमेव च । छांदनसस्तथा वत्सं देवी द्वितयमेव च

‘Śrīkṣetra’ is declared as the second, and likewise a pair of gotras. ‘Chāṃdanasa’ and ‘Vatsa’ are stated, and also a pair of goddesses associated with those lines.

Verse 57

आंगिरसांबरीषश्च यौवनाश्वस्तथैव च । भृगुच्यवनआप्नवानौ र्वजमदग्निमेव च

Āṅgirasa, Āṃbarīṣa, and likewise Yauvanāśva are stated; and also Bhṛgu, Cyāvana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni.

Verse 58

देवी भट्टारिका प्रोक्ता द्वितीया शेपला तथा । एतद्वंशोद्भवा ये च शृणु तान्मुनिसत्तम

The goddess Bhaṭṭārikā is proclaimed, and as the second, Śepalā as well. And those born from this very lineage—hear of them, O best of sages.

Verse 59

सक्रोधनाः सदाचाराः श्रौतस्मार्तक्रियापराः । पंचयज्ञरता नित्यं संबंधसंमाश्रिताः । क्षतज्ञाः क्रतुजाश्चैव ते सर्वे नृपसत्तमाः

Quick to righteous anger, of noble conduct, devoted to Śrauta and Smārta observances; ever engaged in the five daily yajñas, grounded in proper bonds and duties; knowing what is due in injury and recompense, and born of sacrificial rites—all of them are foremost among kings.

Verse 60

तृतीयं मगोडोआ वै गोत्रद्वितयमेव च । भारद्वाजस्तथा कुत्सं देवी द्वितयमेव च

As the third is declared “Magoḍoā”, and likewise a pair of gotras: Bhāradvāja and Kutsā. A pair of goddesses (for these lines) is also stated.

Verse 61

आंगिरसबार्हस्पत्यभारद्वाजस्तथैव च । विश्वामित्रदेव रातौप्रवरत्रयमेव च

Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja are likewise stated; and for Viśvāmitra–Devarāta, a triad of pravaras is also declared.

Verse 62

शेषला बुधला प्रोक्ताधारशांतिस्तथैव च । अस्मिन्ग्रामे च ये जाता ब्राह्मणाः सत्यवादिनः

Śeṣalā and Budhalā are declared, and likewise Ādhāraśānti. And the Brāhmaṇas born in this village are speakers of truth.

Verse 63

द्विजपूजाक्रिया युक्ता नानायज्ञक्रियापराः । अस्मिन्गोत्रे समुत्पन्ना द्विजाः सर्वे मुनीश्वराः

Endowed with the rite of honoring Brahmins and devoted to the performance of many kinds of sacrificial acts (yajñas), all the twice-born who arose in this lineage are revered as lordly sages.

Verse 64

चतुर्थं शीहोलियाग्रामं गोत्रद्वित यमेव च । विश्वामित्रदेवराततृतीयौदलमेव च

The fourth is the village called Śīholiyā; there too is a pair of gotras. And the third is said to be of Viśvāmitra and Devarāta—also known as Audala.

Verse 65

देवी चचाई वै तेषां गोत्रदेवी प्रकीर्तिता । अस्मिन्गोत्रे तुये जाता दुर्बला दीनमा नसाः

Their lineage-deity (gotra-devī) is proclaimed to be the Goddess Cacāī. Yet those who are born in this gotra are said to be weak and of downcast disposition.

Verse 66

असत्यभाषिणो विप्रा लोभिनो नृपसत्तम । सर्व्वविद्याप्रवीणाश्च ब्राह्मणा ब्रह्मसत्तम

O best of kings, those Brahmins speak untruth and are greedy; yet, O best among the knowers of Brahman, they are also skilled in every branch of learning.

Verse 67

ज्येष्ठलोजा पंचमं च स्वस्थानं प्रतिकीर्तितम् । वत्सशीया कुत्सशीया प्रवरद्वितयं स्मृतम्

The fifth settlement is declared to be Jyeṣṭhalojā, their own place. The two pravaras remembered there are Vatsaśīya and Kutsaśīya.

Verse 68

आवरिवृवाप्रः यौवनाश्वभृगुच्यवनआप्नोर्वजमदग्निस्तथैव हि

Likewise indeed: Āvarivṛvāpra, Yauvanāśva, Bhṛgu, Cyavana, Āpno(r)va, and Jamadagni—these are the remembered ancestral ṛṣis.

Verse 69

चचाई वत्सगोत्रस्य शांता च कुत्सगोत्रजा । एतैस्त्रिभिः पंचभिश्च द्विजा ब्रह्मस्वरूपिणः

Cacāī belongs to the Vatsa gotra, and Śāntā is born of the Kutsa gotra. By these three—and also by the five—these twice-born are regarded as embodying the nature of Brahman.

Verse 70

शांता दांताः सुशीलाश्च धन पुत्रैश्च संयुताः । वेदाध्ययनहीनाश्च कुशलाः सर्वकर्मसु

They are peaceful, self-controlled, and well-mannered, endowed with wealth and sons; though lacking in Vedic study, they are skillful in every kind of work.

Verse 71

सुरूपाश्च सदाचाराः सर्वधर्मेषु निष्ठिताः । दानधर्म्मरताः सर्वे अत्रजा जलदा द्विजाः

They are handsome and of good conduct, steadfast in all forms of dharma. All these twice-born, born in this place, delight in the dharma of giving—like rain-bearing clouds.

Verse 72

शेरथाग्रामेषु वै जाताः प्रवरद्वयसंयुताः । कुशभारद्वाजाश्चैव देवीद्वयं तथैव च

They are indeed born in the villages of Śerathā, endowed with a pair of pravaras—Kuśa and Bhāradvāja—and likewise associated with two goddesses.

Verse 73

विश्वामित्रो देवरातस्तृतीयौ दल एव च । आंगिरसबार्हस्पत्यभारद्वाजास्तथैव च

Viśvāmitra and Devarāta are named, along with Tṛtīya and Dala; and likewise the lineages of Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja are also declared.

Verse 74

कमला च महालक्ष्मीर्द्वितीया यक्षिणी तथा । अस्मिन्गोत्रे च ये जाताः श्रौतस्मार्त्तरता बुधाः

Kamalā and Mahālakṣmī are mentioned; and as the second, Yakṣiṇī likewise. Those born in this gotra are wise, devoted to both Śrauta and Smārta observances.

Verse 75

अस्मिन्वंशे च ये जाता ब्राह्मणाः सत्यवादिनः । अलौल्याश्च महायज्ञा वेदाज्ञाप्रतिपालकाः

The brāhmaṇas born in this lineage are speakers of truth—free from greed, performers of great yajñas, and preservers of the Veda’s commandments.

Verse 76

दंतालीया भारद्वाजकुत्सशायास्तथैव च । आंगिरसबार्हस्पत्यभारद्वाजास्तथैव च

So too are mentioned the Daṃtālīyas and the Bhāradvāja–Kutsa–Śāya line; likewise the pravaras—Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja—are also proclaimed.

Verse 77

देवी च यक्षिणी प्रोक्ता द्वितीया कर्मला तथा । अस्मिन्गोत्रे च ये जाता वाडवा धनिनः शुभाः

Devī and Yakṣiṇī are declared; and as the second, Karmalā likewise. Those born in this gotra are prosperous and auspicious, endowed with wealth.

Verse 78

वस्त्रालंकरणोपेता द्विजभक्तिपरायणाः । ब्रह्मभोज्यपराः सर्वे सर्वे धर्मपरायणाः

Adorned with garments and ornaments, devoted to honoring the twice-born, intent on offerings and meals fit for brāhmaṇas—indeed, all of them are devoted to dharma.

Verse 79

वडोद्रीयान्वये जाताश्चत्वारः प्रवराः स्मृताः । कुशः कुत्सश्च वत्सश्च भारद्वाजस्तथैव च

In the Vaḍodrīya lineage, four pravaras are remembered: Kuśa, Kutsa, Vatsa, and Bhāradvāja as well.

Verse 80

तत्प्रवराण्यहं वक्ष्ये तथा गोत्राण्यनुक्रमात् । विश्वामित्रो देवरातस्तृतीयौदल एव च

I shall now state those pravaras, and likewise the gotras in due order: Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, Tṛtīya, and Dala as well.

Verse 81

आंगिरसांबरीषश्च यौवनाश्वस्तृतीयकः । भार्गवश्च्यावनाप्नवानौर्वजमदग्निस्तथैव च

Āṅgirasa and Āṃbarīṣa are mentioned, with Yauvanāśva as the third; likewise Bhārgava, Cyāvana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni.

Verse 82

आंगिरसबार्हस्पत्यभारद्वाजास्तथैव च । कर्मला क्षेमला चैव धारभट्टारिका तथा

Likewise are stated Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja; and also Karmalā, Kṣemalā, and Dhārabhaṭṭārikā as well.

Verse 83

चतुर्थी क्षेमला प्रोक्ता गोत्रमाता अनुक्रमात् । अस्मिन्गोत्रे तु ये जाताः पंचयज्ञरताः सदा

In proper sequence, the fourth ancestress of the lineage is declared to be Kṣemalā, the “mother of the gotra.” Those born in this gotra are ever devoted to the five daily sacrifices (pañca-yajñas).

Verse 84

लोभिनः क्रोधिनश्चैव प्रजायंते बहुप्रजाः । स्नानदानादि निरताः सदा विनिर्जितेंद्रियाः

Though they may be born greedy and prone to anger, they are blessed with many offspring. They remain engaged in ritual bathing (snāna), charity (dāna), and allied duties, ever keeping the senses under control.

Verse 85

वापीकूपतडागानां कर्तारश्च सहस्रशः । व्रतशीला गुणज्ञाश्च मूर्खा वेदविवर्जिताः

By the thousands they become builders of stepwells (vāpī), wells (kūpa), and tanks (taḍāga). They are disciplined in vows and appreciative of virtue—yet are described as dull-witted and deprived of Vedic learning.

Verse 86

गोदणीयाभिधे ग्रामे गोत्रौ द्वौ तत्र संस्थितौ । वत्सगोत्रं प्रथमकं भारद्वाजं द्वितीयकम्

In the village called Godaṇīyā there are two gotras established: first the Vatsa gotra, and second the Bhāradvāja gotra.

Verse 87

भृगुच्यवनाप्नवानौर्वपुरोध समेव च । शीहरी प्रथमा ज्ञेया द्वितीया यक्षिणी तथा

In this line are also counted Bhṛgu, Cyavana, Āpnava, Āurva, Purodha, and Sama. Know Śīharī as the first (gotra-mother/line), and likewise Yakṣiṇī as the second.

Verse 88

अस्मिन्गोत्रोद्भवा विप्रा धनधान्यसमन्विताः । सामर्षा लौल्यहीनाश्च द्वेषिणः कुटिलास्तथा

Brāhmaṇas born in this gotra are endowed with wealth and abundant grain. Quick to resentment and free from fickleness, they are nonetheless hateful and crooked in their conduct.

Verse 89

हिंसिनो धनलुब्धाश्च मया प्रोक्तास्तु भूपते

O King, I have thus spoken of them as violent and greedy for wealth.

Verse 90

कण्टवाडीआ ग्रामे विप्राः कुशगोत्र । शुक्लशुश्च समुद्भवाः । प्रवरं तस्य वक्ष्यामि शृणु त्वं च नृपोत्तम

In the village of Kaṇṭavāḍīyā dwell brāhmaṇas of the Kuśa gotra, and also those descended from Śuklaśu. I shall declare the pravara of that lineage—listen, O best of kings.

Verse 91

विश्वमित्रो देवरात उदलश्च त्रयः स्मृताः । चचाई देवी सा प्रोक्ता शृणु त्वं नृप सत्तम

Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udalā—these three are remembered as the pravara seers. The goddess Cacāī is also declared in this account. Listen, O best of kings.

Verse 92

यजंते क्रतुभिस्तत्र हृष्टचित्तैकमानसाः । सर्वविद्यासु कुशला ब्राह्मणाः सत्यवादिनः

There they perform yajñas with solemn kratu rites, their hearts joyful and their minds single-pointed. Skilled in every branch of learning, those brāhmaṇas speak the truth.

Verse 93

वेखलोया मया प्रोक्ता कुत्सवंशे समुद्भवाः । प्रवरत्रयसंयुक्ताः शृणुत्वं च नृपोत्तम

I have described the Vekhaloyās, born in the Kutsa lineage and endowed with a triad of pravaras. Listen further, O best of kings.

Verse 94

विश्वामित्रो देवराजौदलश्चेति त्रयः स्मृताः । चचाई देवी तेषां वै कुलरक्षाकरी स्मृता

Viśvāmitra, Devarāja-udala, and another are remembered as a triad; and the goddess Cacāī is remembered as the protectress of their lineage.

Verse 95

ब्राह्मणाश्च महात्मानः सत्त्ववंतो गुणान्विताः । तपस्वियोगिनश्चैव वेदवेदांगपारगाः

They are brāhmaṇas of great soul—steadfast in purity, rich in virtues—ascetics and yogins, accomplished in the Vedas and the Vedāṅgas.

Verse 96

साधवश्च सदाचारा विष्णुभक्तिपरायणाः । स्नानसंध्यापरा नित्यं ब्रह्मभोज्यपरायणाः

They are righteous and well-conducted, devoted above all to Viṣṇu-bhakti; ever intent on bathing and the sandhyā rites, and steadfast in honoring brāhmaṇas with proper food.

Verse 97

अस्मिन्वंशे मया प्रोक्ताः शृणुत्वं च अतः परम्

These have been declared by me in this lineage; now listen further to what follows.

Verse 98

देहलोडीआ ये प्रोक्ताः कुत्सप्रवरसंयुताः । आंगिरस आंबरीषो युवनाश्वस्तृतीयकः

Those called the Dehaloḍīās, endowed with the Kutsa pravaras, are named Āṅgirasa, Āmbarīṣa, and, as the third, Yuvanāśva.

Verse 99

गोत्रदेवी मया प्रोक्ता श्रीशेषदुर्बलेति च । कुत्सवंशे च ये जाताः सद्वृत्ताः सत्यभाषिणः

I have declared the Gotra-devī to be Śrī-Śeṣa-Durbalā; and those born in the Kutsa lineage are of good conduct and truthful in speech.

Verse 100

वेदाध्ययनशीलाश्च परच्छिद्रैकदर्शिनः । सामर्षा लौल्यतो हीना द्वेषिणः कुटिलास्तथा

They are devoted to Vedic study, yet intent only on finding faults in others; resentful, free from fickleness, and yet also hateful and crooked.

Verse 110

शांता दांता सुशीलाश्च धनपुत्रसमन्विताः । धर्मारण्ये द्विजाः श्रेष्ठाः क्रतुकर्मणि कोविदाः

In Dharmāraṇya, the best of the twice-born are peaceful, self-controlled, and well-mannered—endowed with wealth and sons—and skilled in the rites of sacrifice.

Verse 120

हाथीजणे च ये जाता वत्सा भारद्वाजास्तथा । ज्ञानजा यक्षिणी चैव गोत्रदेव्यौ प्रकी र्तिते

And those born in Hāthījaṇa are the Vatsas and likewise the Bhāradvājas; Jñānajā and Yakṣiṇī are proclaimed there as the two Gotra-devīs.

Verse 130

महोत्कटा महाकायाः प्रलंबाश्च महोद्धताः । क्लेशरूपाः कृष्णवर्णाः सर्वशास्त्र विशारदाः

They are exceedingly formidable—of vast bodies, tall and towering, fiercely impetuous; embodiments of affliction, dark-hued, and yet highly skilled in every branch of the sacred Śāstras—thus are they described in this Dharmāraṇya.

Verse 140

ब्रह्मभोज्यपराः सर्वे सर्वे धर्म्म परायणाः

All of them are devoted to food-offerings worthy of Brahman—offered in purity according to the Vedic way—and all are firmly dedicated to Dharma.

Verse 150

वारणसिद्धाश्च ये प्रोक्ता ब्राह्मणा ज्ञानवित्तमाः । अस्मिन्गोत्रे च ये विप्राः सत्यवादिजितव्रताः

Those Brahmins who are declared as the Vāraṇa-siddhas—foremost in the wealth of spiritual knowledge—and those vipras born in this gotra, truthful in speech and steadfast in vows well conquered and mastered—are thus remembered here.

Verse 160

विश्वामित्रो देवरातस्तृतीयौदल एव च । देवी चवाई चैवात्र रक्षारूपा व्यवस्थिता

Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and as the third, Udala—these are named; and here too the Goddess Cavāī stands established in the form of a protecting power.

Verse 170

गोधरीयाश्च ये जाता ब्राह्मणा ज्ञानसत्तमाः । गोत्रत्रयमथो वक्ष्ये यथा चैवाप्यनुक्रमात्

And those Brahmins born as the Godharīyas—excellent in spiritual knowledge—now I shall describe the three gotras, in due order and sequence.

Verse 180

आंगिरसांबरीषौ च यौवनाश्वस्तृतीयकः । देवी चच्छत्रजा चैव द्वितीया शेषला तथा

Āṅgirasa and Āṃbarīṣa are named, and as the third is Yauvanāśva; likewise the Goddess Cacchatrajā is named, and as the second, so too Śeṣalā.

Verse 190

साणदां च परं स्थानं पवित्रं परमं मतम् । कुशप्रवरजा विप्रास्तत्रस्थाः पावनाः स्मृताः

Sāṇadā is regarded as a supreme abode, exceedingly pure. The Brahmins born of the Kuśa-pravara who dwell there are remembered as purifiers.

Verse 200

विश्वामित्रो देवरातस्तृतीयौदलमेव हि । अस्मिन्गोत्रे च ये जाता वेदशास्त्र परायणाः

Viśvāmitra and Devarāta, and indeed Udala as the third—those born in this gotra are devoted to the Vedas and the Śāstras.

Verse 210

अस्मिन्वंशे समुद्भूता ब्राह्मणा देवतत्पराः । सस्वाधायवषट्कारा वेदशास्त्रप्रवर्तकाः

In this lineage arose Brahmins devoted to the deities—performers of svādhyāya and the vaṣaṭ-calls—who uphold and propagate the Vedas and the Śāstras.

Verse 220

रूपोला परमं स्थानं पवित्रमतिपुण्यदम् । अस्मिन्गोत्रत्रये चैव देवीत्रितयमेव च

Rūpolā is a supreme abode—pure and bestowing abundant merit. In this triad of gotras, there is likewise a triad of Goddesses as well.

Verse 230

छत्रोटा च परं स्थानं सर्वलोकैकपूजितम् । कुशगोत्रं समाख्यातं प्रवरत्रयमेव हि

Chatroṭā is proclaimed a foremost sacred settlement, revered by the people of all worlds. Its lineage is known as the Kuśa-gotra, and indeed it bears the triad of pravaras—invocations of ancestral seers.

Verse 240

अतः परं च संस्थानं जाखासणमुदाहृतम् । गोत्रं वै वात्स्यसंज्ञं तु गोत्रजा शीहुरी तथा । प्रवराणि च पंचैव मया तव प्रकाशितम्

Beyond that, another settlement is spoken of as Jākhāsaṇa. Its gotra is indeed called Vātsya, and those born in that gotra are also known as Śīhurī. I have made known to you that they have precisely five pravaras.

Verse 250

आंगिरसं बार्हस्पत्यं भारद्वाजं तृतीयकम् । अस्मिन्वंशे च ये जाताः ब्राह्मणा पूतमूर्तयः

Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja are the third set of ancestral identifiers. And the Brāhmaṇas born in this lineage are of purified form, ennobled by dharma.

Verse 260

अरोगिणः सदा देवाः सत्यव्रतपरायणाः

They are ever free from disease, godlike in conduct, and wholly devoted to vows of truth.

Verse 270

तस्मिन्गोत्रे द्विजा जाताः पूर्वोक्तगुणशालिनः

In that gotra are born the twice-born (dvija), endowed with the virtues previously described.

Verse 280

कडोव्या नवमं चैव कोहाटोया दशमं तथा । हरडीयैकादशं चैव भदुकीया द्वादशं तथा

Kaḍovyā is the ninth; Kohāṭoyā is the tenth. Haraḍīyā is the eleventh, and likewise Bhadukīyā is the twelfth.

Verse 290

शूद्रेषु जातिभेदः स्यात्कलौ प्राप्ते नराधिप । भ्रष्टाचाराः परं ज्ञात्वा ज्ञातिबंधेन पीडिताः

O king, when the age of Kali arrives, divisions of sub-castes will arise among the Śūdras. Knowing what is higher, yet fallen from right conduct, they become afflicted by the bonds and pressures of kinship.

Verse 300

स्वकर्मनिरताः शांताः कृषिकर्मपरायणाः । धर्मारण्यान्नातिदूरे धेनूः संचारयंति ते

They remain devoted to their own duties, peaceful, and committed to agricultural work. Not far from Dharmāraṇya, they graze and move their cows about.

Verse 310

वृत्तिं चक्रुर्ब्राह्मणास्तेऽ न्योन्यं मिश्रसमुद्भवाः । अन्यच्च श्रूयतां राजंस्त्रैविद्यानां द्विजन्मनाम्

Those Brāhmaṇas established their livelihoods among one another, having arisen from mixed interrelations. And, O king, hear also something further concerning the twice-born who are learned in the three Vedas.

Verse 320

यदि जीवति दैवाच्चेद्भ्रष्टाचारा भवेदिति

If, by fate, he continues to live, then he becomes one fallen from right conduct—so it is said.

Verse 326

एकादशसमा ये च बहिर्ग्रामे वसंति ते । एवं भेदाः समभवन्नाना मोढद्विजन्मनाम् । युगानुसारात्कालेन ज्ञातीनां च वृषस्य वा

Those who dwelt outside the village for eleven years—thus, in this manner, many divisions arose among the Moḍha twice-born. In the course of time, according to the succession of the yugas, distinctions also arose among kinsmen, and even with respect to lineage-stocks (vṛṣa).