Rig Veda 10.60.3 — Mandala 10, Sukta 60, Mantra 3

Sukta 10.60

Rishi: Agastya (traditional attribution for RV 10.60 in many recensions/indices; hymn contains Agastya-reference in v.6)

Devata: Indra (dominant; explicit vocative in 10.60.5; earlier verses praise the surpassing warrior-power)

Chandas: Trishtubh (probable for 10.60.3; needs padic metrical verification)

Samhita Patha (Devanagari)

यो जनान्महिषाँ इवातितस्थौ पवीरवान् । उतापवीरवान्युधा ॥

Transliteration

yó jánān mahiṣā́m ivātitasthaú pavī́ravān | utā́pavīravān yudhā́ ||

Translation

هو الذي يتجاوزُ حدودَ البشرِ العاديّة كالثورِ الجبّار—ذو وفرةٍ حامية؛ وهو أيضًا، في ساحةِ القتال، ذو وفرةٍ تَدرَأُ كلَّ قوى العداء.

Word by Word

• यः: who
• यः: Kartā (सम्बन्ध-कर्ता; यः = ‘who’ introducing the subject)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: यद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)

• जनान्: people, men
• जनान्: Karma
• Type: Noun
• Root: जन (प्रातिपदिक) < √जन् ‘to be born, beget’

• महिषान्: buffaloes, mighty bulls
• महिषान्: Karma (उपमान-रूपेण) / Karma (with implied comparison)
• Type: Noun
• Root: महिष (प्रातिपदिक)

• इव: like, as
• इव: — (उपमान-सूचक) / marker of comparison
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: इव (निपात)

• आ: towards, unto (prefix)
• आ: —
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: आ (उपसर्ग)

• तितस्थौ: has stood, took his stand
• तितस्थौ: Kriyā (मुख्य-क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √स्था (तिष्ठति) with reduplication: ति-त-स्थौ

• पवीरवान्: possessing a pavīra (protective/defensive covering; armour-like)
• पवीरवान्: Kartā (विशेषणम् of यः)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: पवीरवत् (प्रातिपदिक; -वत् ‘possessing’) < पवीर

• उत: and also
• उत: — (समुच्चय/अन्वादेश) / connective
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: उत (निपात)

• अपवीरवान्: possessing apavīra (without/away-from pavīra; unarmoured or with counter-covering)
• अपवीरवान्: Kartā (विशेषणम् of यः)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: अपवीरवत् (प्रातिपदिक; -वत् ‘possessing’) < अपवीर

• युधा: in battle, by fighting
• युधा: Karaṇa (means/circumstance of action)
• Type: Noun (used adverbially)
• Root: युध् (प्रातिपदिक/अव्ययीभाव-रूप; instr. of युध् ‘battle’)