Ramayana — Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 81, Shloka 14

एकाशीति तमः सर्गः

Bharata’s Grief, Courtly Summons, and the Assembly Hall

Devanagari script

ततो हलहलाशब्दस्सुमहान्समपद्यत।रथैरश्वैर्गजैश्चापि जनानामुपगच्छताम्।।।।

Transliteration

tato halahalāśabdaḥ sumahān samapadyata | rathair aśvair gajaiś cāpi janānām upagacchatām ||

Translation

随后，随着众人乘车、骑马，亦或骑象纷纷赶来，便响起了极其巨大的喧嚣。

Word by Word

• ततः: then
• ततः: क्रियाविशेषण (Adverbial)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ततः (अव्यय)
• Form: काल/हेतुवाचक-अव्ययम् (adverb: then/from that)

• हलहला-शब्दः: a ‘halahalā’ tumultuous sound
• हलहला-शब्दः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: हलहला (अनुकरण-प्रातिपदिक) + शब्द (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्गः, प्रथमा-विभक्तिः, एकवचनम्; ‘हलहला इति शब्दः’ कर्मधारयः

• सु-महान्: very great
• सु-महान्: विशेषण (Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: सु (उपसर्ग/अव्यय) + महत् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्गः, प्रथमा-विभक्तिः, एकवचनम्; विशेषणम् शब्दः

• समपद्यत: arose, came about
• समपद्यत: क्रिया (Kriyā/Verb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: पद् (धातु) उपसर्गः सम्-
• Form: लङ्-लकारः (Imperfect/Past), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्; आत्मनेपदम्

• रथैः: with chariots
• रथैः: करण (Karaṇa/Instrument)
• Type: Noun
• Root: रथ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्गः, तृतीया-विभक्तिः (Instrumental/3rd), बहुवचनम्

• अश्वैः: with horses
• अश्वैः: करण (Karaṇa/Instrument)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अश्व (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्गः, तृतीया-विभक्तिः, बहुवचनम्

• गजैः: with elephants
• गजैः: करण (Karaṇa/Instrument)
• Type: Noun
• Root: गज (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्गः, तृतीया-विभक्तिः, बहुवचनम्

• च: and
• च: सम्बन्ध (Connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्ययम्

• अपि: also
• अपि: सम्बन्ध (Discourse particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अपि (अव्यय)
• Form: निपात-अव्ययम् (particle: also/even)

• जनानाम्: of the people
• जनानाम्: सम्बन्ध (Genitive relation)
• Type: Noun
• Root: जन (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्गः, षष्ठी-विभक्तिः (Genitive/6th), बहुवचनम्

• उपगच्छताम्: of those approaching/arriving
• उपगच्छताम्: सम्बन्ध (Genitive absolute-like)
• Type: Verb
• Root: गम् (धातु) उपसर्गः उप-; वर्तमान-कृदन्त (शतृ)
• Form: शतृ-प्रत्ययान्त वर्तमान-कृदन्त (present active participle); षष्ठी-विभक्तिः, बहुवचनम् (genitive plural) ‘of those who were approaching’

Context

As they (invitees) began arriving on chariots, horses and elephants, there arose a great tumult.

Characters & Entities

• chariots
• horses
• elephants

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma here is institutional responsiveness: when duty calls, the polity mobilizes quickly, showing readiness to support rightful deliberation and action.

What is the narrative situation?

Summoned persons arrive in large numbers, creating the noise and bustle of an urgent royal gathering.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Promptness and public participation—people respond actively to the summons of leadership.