Ramayana — Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 52, Shloka 43

गङ्गातरणम्, सुमन्त्र-प्रतिनिवर्तनम्, जटाधारणम्

Crossing the Gaṅgā; Sumantra’s Return; Adoption of Ascetic Signs

Devanagari script

दृष्टं तद्धि त्वया राम यादृशं त्वत्प्रवासने।प्रजानां सङ्कुलं वृत्तं त्वच्छोकक्लान्तचेतसाम्।।2.52.43।।

Transliteration

dṛṣṭaṃ tad dhi tvayā rāma yādṛśaṃ tvat-pravāsane | prajānāṃ saṅkulaṃ vṛttaṃ tvac-choka-klānta-cetasām ||

Translation

罗摩啊，你在离去之时亲眼所见：百姓的境况如何纷乱不安，他们的心因对你的忧伤而疲惫不堪。

Word by Word

• dṛṣṭam: seen
• dṛṣṭam: Kriyā (क्रिया; भूत)
• Type: Verb
• Root: dṛṣṭa (कृदन्त, √dṛś)
• Form: Past passive participle (क्त); Neuter, Nominative/Accusative, Singular; used predicatively ‘seen’

• tat: that
• tat: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter, Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular; subject of implied ‘asti’ with dṛṣṭam

• hi: indeed
• hi: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: hi (अव्यय)
• Form: Particle (निपात) = ‘indeed’

• tvayā: by you
• tvayā: Karta (कर्ता; in passive construction)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yusmad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Pronoun; Instrumental (3rd/तृतीया), Singular

• rāma: O Rama
• rāma: Sambodhana (सम्बोधन)
• Type: Noun
• Root: rāma (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine, Vocative (8th/सम्बोधन), Singular

• yādṛśam: what kind (of)
• yādṛśam: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: yādṛśa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter, Accusative (2nd), Singular; correlates with tat; ‘of what kind’

• tvat-pravāsane: at your exile/departure
• tvat-pravāsane: Kāla/Hetu-adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण; occasion/cause)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tvat (युष्मद्-षष्ठी-समास-आधार) + pravāsana (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Tatpuruṣa (तत्पुरुष) = ‘your going abroad/exile’; Neuter, Locative (7th), Singular

• prajānām: of the people
• prajānām: Sambandha (षष्ठी-सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: prajā (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Feminine, Genitive (6th/षष्ठी), Plural

• saṅkulam: confused, tumultuous
• saṅkulam: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: saṅkula (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter, Accusative, Singular; qualifies vṛttam

• vṛttam: the event/condition
• vṛttam: Karma (कर्म; object of implied ‘jñātam/dṛṣṭam’)
• Type: Noun
• Root: vṛtta (कृदन्त, √vṛt)
• Form: Past participle used as noun; Neuter, Accusative, Singular; ‘what happened/occurred’

• tvat-śoka-klānta-cetasām: of (people) whose minds are exhausted by grief for you
• tvat-śoka-klānta-cetasām: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण; षष्ठी-सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: tvat (युष्मद्) + śoka (प्रातिपदिक) + klānta (कृदन्त, √klam) + cetas (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Multi-member Tatpuruṣa; Genitive (6th), Plural; qualifies prajānām: ‘of those whose minds are wearied by grief for you’

Context

At the time of your departure, O Rama, you have seen all that happened, the hearts of the people exhausted with grief.

Characters & Entities

• Rāma
• prajāḥ (people of Ayodhyā)

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma is shown as relational and compassionate: a dhārmic person’s choices affect the emotional and social order of the community, creating a moral responsibility to consider collective suffering.

What is the narrative situation?

Sumantra reminds Rāma that he has already witnessed the people’s grief at the moment he left Ayodhyā.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

The people’s fidelity and love for a righteous heir, and Rāma’s awareness of public suffering.