Markandeya Purana — Adhyaya 57, Shloka 54
Adhyaya 57 — The Ninefold Divisions of Bharata: Mountains, Rivers, and Peoples
Sanskrit
तोशलाः कोशलाश्चैव त्रैपुरा वैदिशास्तथा ।
तुम्बुरास्तुम्बुलाश्चैव पटवो नैषधेः सह ॥
Transliteration
tośalāḥ kośalāścaiva traipurā vaidiśāstathā / tumburāstumbulāścaiva paṭavo naiṣadheḥ saha
Translation
托舍罗族与拘舍罗族；特赖补罗族以及毗提舍族；通布罗族与通布罗罗族；并钵吒婆族与奈沙陀族。
Word by Word
tośalāḥToshalas
tośalāḥ:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Roottośala (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (प्रथमा/1), Plural (बहुवचन)
kośalāḥKosalas
kośalāḥ:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootkośala (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (प्रथमा/1), Plural (बहुवचन)
caand
ca:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/coordination)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootca (अव्यय)
FormConjunction (समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय)
evaindeed/also
eva:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/emphasis)
TypeIndeclinable
Rooteva (अव्यय)
FormEmphatic particle (निपात)
traipurāḥTraipuras
traipurāḥ:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Roottraipura (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (प्रथमा/1), Plural (बहुवचन)
vaidiśāḥVaidishas
vaidiśāḥ:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootvaidiśa (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (प्रथमा/1), Plural (बहुवचन)
tathālikewise
tathā:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/adverbial)
TypeIndeclinable
Roottathā (अव्यय)
FormAdverb (क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय) meaning 'so/likewise'
tumburāḥTumburas
tumburāḥ:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Roottumbura (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (प्रथमा/1), Plural (बहुवचन)
tumbulāḥTumbulas
tumbulāḥ:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Roottumbula (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (प्रथमा/1), Plural (बहुवचन)
caand
ca:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/coordination)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootca (अव्यय)
FormConjunction (समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय)
evaindeed/also
eva:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/emphasis)
TypeIndeclinable
Rooteva (अव्यय)
FormEmphatic particle (निपात)
paṭavaḥPatavas
paṭavaḥ:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootpaṭava (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (प्रथमा/1), Plural (बहुवचन)
naiṣadheḥof the Naishadha (kingdom/people)
naiṣadheḥ:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive)
TypeNoun
Rootnaiṣadha (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Genitive (षष्ठी/6), Singular (एकवचन)
sahatogether with
saha:
Sahārtha (सहार्थ)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootsaha (अव्यय)
FormPostposition/indeclinable meaning 'with' (सहार्थक अव्यय); here text shows genitive, but expected construction is instrumental; taken as 'along with Naishadha' per usage
Speakers
Not Devī Māhātmya; continuing janapada listing.
Verse Rasa
{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }
Key Themes
GeographyJanapada listsRegional identities
FAQs
Such lists are mnemonic devices—supporting oral transmission and shared reference points for pilgrimage routes, alliances, and cultural memory.
Auxiliary descriptive layer accompanying Purāṇic historical/lineage frameworks.
Enumerations can be treated as ‘nāma-japa’ of the land—reciting names sacralizes space through sound.