Markandeya Purana — Adhyaya 57, Shloka 41

Adhyaya 57 — The Ninefold Divisions of Bharata: Mountains, Rivers, and Peoples

Sanskrit

तामसा हंसमार्गाश्च काश्मीरास्तुङ्गनास्तथा । शूलिकाः कुहकाश्चैव ऊर्णा दर्वास्तथैव च ॥

Transliteration

tāmasā haṃsamārgāśca kāśmīrāstuṅganāstathā / śūlikāḥ kuhakāścaiva ūrṇā darvāstathaiva ca

Translation

又有多摩娑族（Tāmasa）与恒娑摩伽族（Haṃsamārga）；迦湿弥罗族（Kāśmīra）以及同样的通伽那族（Tuṅgana）；戍利迦族（Śūlika）与库诃迦族（Kuhaka）；并且还有乌尔那族（Ūrṇa）与达尔婆族（Darva）。

Word by Word

• तामसाः: the Tāmasas
• तामसाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तामस (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन (जातिनाम)

• हंसमार्गाः: the Haṃsamārgas
• हंसमार्गाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: हंस + मार्ग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन; समासः—तत्पुरुष (षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः: हंसानां मार्गाः)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• काश्मीराः: the Kāśmīras
• काश्मीराः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: काश्मीर (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• तुङ्गनाः: the Tuṅganas
• तुङ्गनाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तुङ्गन (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• तथा: likewise
• तथा: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चय/उपमानार्थ (adverb: 'likewise/also')

• शूलिकाः: the Śūlikas
• शूलिकाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: शूलिक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• कुहकाः: the Kuhakas
• कुहकाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कुहक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• एव: also/indeed
• एव: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एव (अव्यय)
• Form: अवधारण-अव्यय (emphatic particle)

• ऊर्णाः: the Ūrṇas
• ऊर्णाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ऊर्ण (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन (जातिनाम)

• दर्वाः: the Darvas
• दर्वाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दर्व (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन (जातिनाम)

• तथा: likewise
• तथा: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चयार्थ (adverb: 'likewise')

• एव: also/indeed
• एव: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एव (अव्यय)
• Form: अवधारण-अव्यय (emphatic particle)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

Speakers

• Paurāṇic narrator (geographical enumeration; frame-speaker not explicit in the given excerpt)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Geography
• Udīcya (northern) regions
• Janapada enumeration

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The naming of Kashmir and other northern groups reflects the purāṇic awareness of diverse Himalayan and trans-Himalayan corridors and their integration into sacred geography.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Cosmography/earth-description used as scaffolding for purāṇic historiography (vaṃśa/vaṃśānucarita contexts).

What is the esoteric significance?

Northern lands often function symbolically as liminal zones—thresholds to ‘other worlds’—yet still mapped into the ordered purāṇic universe.