Markandeya Purana — Adhyaya 34, Shloka 60

Adhyaya 34 — Madālāsā’s Instruction on Sadācāra (Householder Conduct, Purity, and Daily Rites)

Sanskrit

न चैव शयने नोर्व्यामुपविष्टो न शब्दवत् ।

न चैैकवस्त्रो न वदन् प्रेक्षतामप्रदाय च ॥

Transliteration

na caiva śayane norvyām upaviṣṭo na śabdavat | na caikavastro na vadan prekṣatām apradāya ca ||

Translation

不可坐于床上而食，不可坐于裸地而食，亦不可喧哗而食。不可仅着一衣而食，不可边说话边食，亦不可不先分出一份供施于近旁或在侧观者而食。

Word by Word

• na: not
• na: Pratiṣedha (प्रतिषेध/Negation)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: na (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निषेध (negation particle)

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चयबोधक (conjunction)

• eva: indeed
• eva: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Emphasis)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: eva (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; अवधारण (emphatic particle)

• śayane: on a bed
• śayane: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Locative)
• Type: Noun
• Root: śayana (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग (neut.), सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन (singular)

• na: nor/not
• na: Pratiṣedha (प्रतिषेध/Negation)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: na (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निषेध (negation particle)

• urvyām: on the ground/earth
• urvyām: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Locative)
• Type: Noun
• Root: urvī (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग (fem.), सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन (singular)

• upaviṣṭaḥ: seated
• upaviṣṭaḥ: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier of implied subject)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: upa-viṣṭa (कृदन्त; √sad/ās (धातु) via √viṣṭ?; conventional: upa-√viś/√sad ‘to sit’)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (masc.), प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन (singular); भूतकृदन्त: ‘seated’ (understood with naraḥ from context)

• na: not
• na: Pratiṣedha (प्रतिषेध/Negation)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: na (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निषेध (negation particle)

• śabdavat: noisily/with sound
• śabdavat: Kriyā-viśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण/Adverbial)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: śabdavat (प्रातिपदिक; -वत् matup-like possessive)
• Form: अव्ययवत् प्रयोगः; क्रियाविशेषण (adverbial): ‘with noise’

• na: not
• na: Pratiṣedha (प्रतिषेध/Negation)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: na (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निषेध (negation particle)

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चयबोधक (conjunction)

• eka-vastraḥ: wearing only one cloth
• eka-vastraḥ: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier of implied subject)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: eka (प्रातिपदिक) + vastra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (masc.), प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन (singular); तत्पुरुष: ‘with one garment’ (numeral determinative)

• na: not
• na: Pratiṣedha (प्रतिषेध/Negation)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: na (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निषेध (negation particle)

• vadan: speaking
• vadan: Kriyā-sahakārī (क्रियासहकारी/Concomitant action)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: vadat (कृदन्त; √vad (धातु) ‘to speak’)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (masc.), प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन (singular); वर्तमानकृदन्त (present participle)

• prekṣatām: of onlookers
• prekṣatām: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive relation)
• Type: Noun
• Root: prekṣat (कृदन्त; √īkṣ (धातु) with pra- ‘to look’)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (masc.)/सामान्य (common), षष्ठी (6th/षष्ठी), बहुवचन (plural); वर्तमानकृदन्त used substantively: ‘of those who are watching’

• apradāya: without giving (permission/leave)
• apradāya: Kriyā-viśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण/Adverbial)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: a-pra-√dā (धातु)
• Form: अव्यय; क्त्वा-प्रत्ययान्त (absolutive/gerund) with negation: ‘without giving’

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चयबोधक (conjunction)

Speakers

• Unspecified in input (instructional voice)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "dharma", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Dharma
• Bhojana etiquette
• Restraint
• Hospitality/sharing
• Śauca

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Eating is disciplined as a sacred act: proper place, quietness, modesty, and consideration for others (sharing/offerings) cultivate self-control and social harmony.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Ancillary dharma instruction; not within sarga/pratisarga/vaṃśa/manvantara/vaṃśānucarita classification.

What is the esoteric significance?

Silence and order during intake protect ‘inner oblation’ (antar-homa): food is offered into bodily agni; distractions and impropriety are treated as ritual faults.