Sutra 32

Devanagari script

स्वामिनो भृत्यानामृत्विगाचार्याः शिष्याणां मातापितरौ पुत्राणां चानिग्रहेण साक्ष्यं कुर्युः तेसामितरे वा ॥ कZ_०३.११.३२ ॥

Transliteration

svāmino bhṛtyānām ṛtvigācāryāḥ śiṣyāṇāṃ mātāpitarau putrāṇāṃ cānigraheṇa sākṣyaṃ kuryuḥ tesām itare vā

Translation

主人可以就其仆役作证；祭司与教师可以就其弟子作证；父母可以就其儿子作证——但须在无胁迫的情况下作证；否则应改用其他证人。

Word by Word

• स्वामिनः: of masters/owners (i.e., masters’/employers’)
• Type: Noun
• Root: स्वामिन्
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी बहुवचन (सम्बन्धे)

• भृत्यानाम्: of servants/employees
• Type: Noun
• Root: भृत्य
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी बहुवचन

• ऋत्विगाचार्याः: priests and teachers
• Type: Noun
• Root: ऋत्विज् + आचार्य
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा बहुवचन

• शिष्याणाम्: of pupils/students
• Type: Noun
• Root: शिष्य
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी बहुवचन

• माता: mother
• Type: Noun
• Root: मातृ
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; प्रथमा एकवचन

• पितरौ: (and) father (the two parents)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पितृ
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा द्विवचन

• पुत्राणाम्: of sons/children
• Type: Noun
• Root: पुत्र
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी बहुवचन

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: समुच्चयार्थक अव्यय

• अनिग्रहेण: without restraint/coercion; without pressure
• Type: Noun
• Root: अनिग्रह
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; तृतीया एकवचन (करण/हेतु)

• साक्ष्यम्: testimony/evidence
• Type: Noun
• Root: साक्ष्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; द्वितीया एकवचन (कर्म)

• कुर्युः: should give/should make (i.e., should testify)
• Type: Verb
• Root: कृ
• Form: विधिलिङ् (optative); परस्मैपद; प्रथमपुरुष; बहुवचन

• तेषाम्: of them/their
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: षष्ठी बहुवचन

• इतरे: others (different persons)
• Type: Pronoun/Adjective
• Root: इतर
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा बहुवचन

• वा: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: विकल्पार्थक अव्यय

Entities Mentioned

• masters/employers
• priests/teachers
• parents/sons

More Details

FAQs

What is the key safeguard in this rule?

Testimony is acceptable only when free from coercion; if coercion is likely, the court should rely on independent witnesses.