अंधकारे नमस्तुभ्यमाद्यंतरहिताय च । इडाधाराय ईशाय उपेद्रेंद्रस्तुताय च
aṃdhakāre namastubhyamādyaṃtarahitāya ca | iḍādhārāya īśāya upedreṃdrastutāya ca
Lạy Đấng xua tan bóng tối, kính lễ Ngài; kính lễ Đấng không khởi đầu, không cùng tận. Kính lễ Đấng làm chỗ nương của Iḍā, kính lễ Īśa, và kính lễ Đấng được Upendra (Viṣṇu) cùng Indra ca ngợi.
Skanda (deduced; Kāśīkhaṇḍa commonly Skanda speaking to Agastya)
Tirtha: Kāśī (Viśveśvara as dispeller of avidyā)
Type: kshetra
Scene: A cosmic night dissolves as Śiva appears as boundless presence; Indra and Viṣṇu stand in reverent praise; a subtle yogic diagram (iḍā) is hinted as a luminous channel supporting the inner universe.
Śiva is beginningless and endless, praised even by the great devas; He is the support of sacred power and illumination.
The Kāśīkhaṇḍa backdrop frames this as praise of the Lord of Kāśī, where divine illumination overcomes spiritual ‘darkness’.
None directly; the devotional act is stuti (praise) aligning the worshipper with the devas’ reverence.