Shloka 121

Adhyaya 51 — Yaksha Injunctions: Graha-Children and Female Spirits Causing Domestic and Ritual Disruptions

Sanskrit

द्वितीयस्तु गुणान् मैत्रीं लोकस्थामपकर्षति ।

इत्येते दुः सहाः सर्वे यक्ष्मणः सन्ततावथ ।

पापाचाराः समाख्याताः यैर्व्याप्तमखिलं जगत् ॥

Transliteration

dvitīyas tu guṇān maitrīṃ lokasthām apakarṣati /

ity ete duḥsahāḥ sarve yakṣmaṇaḥ santatāv atha /

pāpācārāḥ samākhyātā yair vyāptam akhilaṃ jagat

Translation

Điều thứ hai làm suy giảm các đức hạnh và tình bằng hữu vốn tồn tại giữa loài người. Vì thế, tất cả những Duḥsaha này được tuyên bố là dòng dõi/sự tiếp nối của Yakṣman; chúng được gọi là các hạnh nghiệp ác, nhờ đó toàn thế gian bị thấm nhuần và bao phủ.

Word by Word

• dvitīyaḥ: the second (one)
• dvitīyaḥ: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: dvitīya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)

• tu: but
• tu: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tu (अव्यय)
• Form: Particle (निपात), contrast/emphasis

• guṇān: virtues/qualities
• guṇān: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: guṇa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Plural (बहुवचन)

• maitrīm: friendliness
• maitrīm: Karma (कर्म/Object; along with guṇān)
• Type: Noun
• Root: maitrī (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)

• loka-sthām: existing in the world
• loka-sthām: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: loka + sthā (प्रातिपदिक; स्था धातु → स्थ)
• Form: Tatpuruṣa (‘situated in the world’); Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); agrees with maitrīm

• apakarṣati: drags down; diminishes
• apakarṣati: Kriyā (क्रिया/Verb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: apa-√kṛṣ (धातु)
• Form: Present tense (लट्), 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष), Singular (एकवचन), Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद)

• iti: thus
• iti: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Marker)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: iti (अव्यय)
• Form: Quotative particle (इति-निपात)

• ete: these
• ete: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: etad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन)

• duḥ-sahāḥ: hard to endure
• duḥ-sahāḥ: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: dus + saha (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Karmadhāraya/Upapada-type (‘hard to bear’); Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन)

• sarve: all
• sarve: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: sarva (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन)

• yakṣmaṇaḥ: consumptions/diseases (yakṣma)
• yakṣmaṇaḥ: Karta (कर्ता/Subject; apposition to ete)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yakṣman (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन)

• santatau: in the lineage/continuity; in progeny
• santatau: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Location)
• Type: Noun
• Root: santati (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Locative (7th/सप्तमी), Singular (एकवचन)

• atha: and then; moreover
• atha: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: atha (अव्यय)
• Form: Particle (निपात) used for continuation/transition

• pāpa-ācārāḥ: sinful practices
• pāpa-ācārāḥ: Karta (कर्ता/Subject; predicate-noun)
• Type: Noun
• Root: pāpa + ācāra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Tatpuruṣa (‘sinful conduct’); Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन)

• samākhyātāḥ: are declared/called
• samākhyātāḥ: Kriyā (क्रिया; predicate ‘are called’)
• Type: Verb
• Root: sam-ā-√khyā (धातु) + kta (कृदन्त)
• Form: Past passive participle (क्त) used predicatively; Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन)

• yaiḥ: by which/whom
• yaiḥ: Karaṇa (करण/Instrument)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine/Neuter, Instrumental (3rd/तृतीया), Plural (बहुवचन); relative pronoun

• vyāptam: pervaded
• vyāptam: Kriyā (क्रिया; predicate ‘is pervaded’)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: vi-√āp (धातु) + kta (कृदन्त)
• Form: Past passive participle (क्त); Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन); agrees with jagat

• akhilam: entire
• akhilam: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: akhila (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन); agrees with jagat

• jagat: the world
• jagat: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: jagat (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)

Speakers

• Narrative voice

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "karuna", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Spread of adharma
• Erosion of social trust (maitrī)
• Personified disease and moral decline

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The deepest harm is not only bodily but social: when virtues and mutual trust decline, society becomes a field for pervasive suffering. The text treats 'pāpācāra' as contagious and world-pervading.

How does this fit the Pancalakṣaṇa (5 characteristics)?

A didactic-etiological conclusion to a localized origin narrative (closest to pratisarga-style explanation of how conditions proliferate in the world).

What is the esoteric significance?

Yakṣman as 'consumption' symbolizes the consuming nature of vice: it eats away guṇa and maitrī. The 'pervasion of the world' mirrors how tamas spreads when vigilance (śauca, sat-saṅga, satya-vāk) is lost.