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Shloka 23

Saṃsāra-mārga-vistaraḥ

Vidura’s Expanded Account of the Path

तस्मान्मैत्रं समास्थाय शीलमापद्य भारत | दमस्त्यागो<प्रमादश्न ते त्रयो ब्रह्मणो हया:,भरतनन्दन! इसलिये सर्वत्र मैत्रीभाव रखते हुए शील प्राप्त करना चाहिये। दम, त्याग और अप्रमाद--ये तीन परमात्माके धाममें ले जानेवाले घोड़े हैं। जो मनुष्य शीलरूपी लगामको पकड़कर इन तीनों घोड़ोंसे जुते हुए मनरूपी रथपर सवार होता है, वह मृत्युका भय छोड़कर ब्रह्मलोकमें चला जाता है

tasmān maitraṁ samāsthāya śīlam āpadya bhārata | damas tyāgo 'pramādaś ca te trayo brahmaṇo hayāḥ ||

Vì vậy, hỡi Bhārata, hãy đứng vững trong lòng thân thiện đối với muôn loài và tu dưỡng hạnh kiểm cao quý. Tự chế, xả ly và tỉnh giác không buông lung—ba điều ấy là những tuấn mã đưa người hướng về Phạm Thiên. Ai nắm cương bằng đức hạnh, cưỡi lên cỗ xe của tâm được thắng bởi ba con ngựa ấy, người đó rũ bỏ nỗi sợ tử vong và tiến đến cõi Phạm Thiên.

तस्मात्therefore/from that
तस्मात्:
Apadana
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine/Neuter, Ablative, Singular
मैत्रम्friendliness
मैत्रम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootमैत्र
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
समास्थायhaving adopted/established
समास्थाय:
TypeVerb
Rootसम्-आ-स्था (स्था)
Formक्त्वा (absolutive/gerund), Parasmaipada (usage), non-finite
शीलम्good conduct/character
शीलम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootशील
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
आपद्यhaving attained/entered into
आपद्य:
TypeVerb
Rootआ-पद्
Formल्यप् (gerund), Parasmaipada (usage), non-finite
भारतO Bharata
भारत:
TypeNoun
Rootभारत
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular
दमःself-control
दमः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootदम
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
त्यागःrenunciation/giving up
त्यागः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootत्याग
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अप्रमादःvigilance/non-negligence
अप्रमादः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootअप्रमाद
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
तेthose/they
ते:
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
त्रयःthree
त्रयः:
TypeNumeral/Adjective
Rootत्रि
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
ब्रह्मणःof Brahman/of the Absolute
ब्रह्मणः:
TypeNoun
Rootब्रह्मन्
FormNeuter, Genitive, Singular
हयाःhorses
हयाः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootहय
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
भरतनन्दनO descendant/son of Bharata
भरतनन्दन:
TypeNoun
Rootभरतनन्दन
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular

विदुर उवाच

V
Vidura
B
Bhārata (addressee, Kuru descendant)
B
Brahman
B
Brahmaloka
M
mind (manas) as chariot (ratha)
H
horses (hayāḥ) as virtues
R
reins (lagāma) as good conduct (śīla)

Educational Q&A

Vidura teaches that spiritual progress depends on cultivating universal friendliness (maitrī) and firm moral character (śīla). With śīla as the guiding rein, one should harness the mind through three key virtues—self-restraint (dama), renunciation (tyāga), and vigilant non-negligence (apramāda)—which together carry a person beyond fear of death toward Brahman.

In the Strī Parva’s aftermath of the war, Vidura addresses the Kuru elder (Bhārata) with counsel meant to steady the mind amid grief and moral collapse. He frames ethical discipline as a practical inner vehicle: the mind is a chariot, virtues are horses, and good conduct is the rein that directs one toward the highest goal (Brahmaloka).