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Shloka 23

Vimokṣa-niścaya: Pañcaśikha’s Analysis of Aggregates, Guṇas, and Tyāga (मोक्षनिर्णयः)

कामक्रोधौ प्रमादक्ष॒ लोभमोहौ भयं कलम: । विषादशोकावरतिर्मानदर्पावनार्यता

kāmakrodhau pramādakṣa lobhamohau bhayaṁ klamaḥ | viṣādaśokāvaratir mānadarpāvanāryatā ||

Bhīṣma nói: “Dục vọng và sân hận, sự lơ đãng, tham lam và mê muội, sợ hãi và kiệt sức; chán nản, sầu khổ, thiếu niềm vui (bất mãn), kiêu mạn, ngạo nghễ và thô lỗ vô lễ—đó là những tác dụng phát sinh từ rajas và tamas. Xét theo đạo lý, chúng là những lực nội tâm làm nhiễu loạn sự sáng tỏ, làm suy yếu tự chế, và kéo con người rời xa sự phân biệt vững vàng cùng nếp sống thuận theo dharma.”

कामdesire
काम:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootकाम
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
क्रोधanger
क्रोध:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootक्रोध
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
प्रमादheedlessness
प्रमाद:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootप्रमाद
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
लोभgreed
लोभ:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootलोभ
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
मोहdelusion
मोह:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootमोह
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
भयfear
भय:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootभय
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
क्लमfatigue
क्लम:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootक्लम
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
विषादdespondency
विषाद:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootविषाद
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
शोकgrief
शोक:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootशोक
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अवरतिnon-cessation; restlessness
अवरति:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootअवरति
FormFeminine, Nominative, Singular
मानself-esteem; pride
मान:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootमान
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
दर्पarrogance
दर्प:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootदर्प
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अनार्यताuncivility; ignobility
अनार्यता:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootअनार्यता
FormFeminine, Nominative, Singular

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma

Educational Q&A

Bhīṣma classifies disruptive mental states—such as desire, anger, greed, delusion, fear, fatigue, grief, pride, and arrogance—as products of rajas and tamas. The lesson is that recognizing these as guṇa-driven tendencies helps one restrain them and cultivate sattva, which supports clear judgment and dharmic behavior.

In the Śānti Parva’s instruction on conduct and inner discipline, Bhīṣma teaches Yudhiṣṭhira about the guṇas. Here he lists the traits that arise from rajas and tamas, contrasting them (in the surrounding passage) with sattvic qualities that promote steadiness and ethical clarity.