Shloka 2
Durgātitaraṇa—Conduct for Crossing Difficulties (दुर्गातितरणम्)
Devanagari script
भीष्म उवाच आश्रमेषु यथोक्तेषु यथोक्तं ये द्विजातय: । वर्तन्ते संयतात्मानो दुर्गाण्यतितरन्ति ते
Translation
Bhīṣma đáp: “Tâu Đại vương, những bậc dvija (người ‘sinh hai lần’) biết chế ngự tự tâm, sống trong bốn āśrama như kinh điển đã dạy và hành xử đúng theo bổn phận của từng āśrama—họ vượt qua được mọi khốn khó.”
Word by Word
भीष्मःBhishma
भीष्मः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootभीष्म
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect (Paroksha-bhuta), Third, Singular, Parasmaipada
आश्रमेषुin the ashramas (stages of life)
आश्रमेषु:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootआश्रम
FormMasculine, Locative, Plural
यथोक्तेषुas prescribed
यथोक्तेषु:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective
Rootयथोक्त
FormMasculine, Locative, Plural
यथोक्तम्as prescribed / duly
यथोक्तम्:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootयथोक्त
येwho
ये:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootयद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
द्विजातयःtwice-born (Brahmins etc.)
द्विजातयः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootद्विजाति
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
वर्तन्तेlive / conduct themselves
वर्तन्ते:
TypeVerb
Rootवृत्
FormPresent, Third, Plural, Atmanepada
संयतात्मानःself-controlled (having restrained the mind/self)
संयतात्मानः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootसंयतात्मन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
दुर्गाणिdifficulties / hardships
दुर्गाणि:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootदुर्ग
FormNeuter, Accusative, Plural
अतितरन्तिcross over / overcome
अतितरन्ति:
TypeVerb
Rootअति-तॄ
FormPresent, Third, Plural, Parasmaipada
तेthey
ते:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
Speaker
भीष्म उवाच
Character Dynamics
Dharma Sankata (Moral Dilemma)
War Context
Verse Rasa (Emotional Essence)
Philosophical Teaching
Political Layer
Geographic Context
Meter (Chandas)
Sandhi Notes