Previous Verse
Next Verse

Shloka 2

Brāhmaṇa-pūjā and Namaskāra: Criteria of Reverence and Non-Offense (ब्राह्मणपूजा-नमस्कारविधिः)

भवन्तो वै महाभागा अपरोक्षनिशाचरा: । उच्छिष्टानशुचीन क्षुद्रान्‌ कथं हिंसथ मानवान्‌,“महाभागगण! आपलोग प्रत्यक्ष निशाचर हैं। बताइये, अपवित्र, उच्छिष्ट और शाद्र मनुष्योंकी किस तरह और क्‍यों हिंसा करते हैं?

bhavanto vai mahābhāgā aparokṣaniśācarāḥ | ucchiṣṭānaśucīn kṣudrān kathaṁ hiṁsatha mānavān ||

Bhīṣma nói: “Các vị quả là những bậc hữu phúc và hiển quý—những kẻ du hành trong đêm hiện rõ trước mắt. Xin hãy cho biết: bằng cách nào và vì cớ gì các vị làm hại loài người—những kẻ bất tịnh, bị vấy bởi đồ ăn thừa, và có hạnh kiểm hèn kém?”

भवन्तःyou (honored persons)
भवन्तः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootभवत्
Formmasculine, nominative, plural
वैindeed
वै:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootवै
महाभागाःgreatly fortunate / illustrious (ones)
महाभागाः:
Sambodhana
TypeNoun
Rootमहाभाग
Formmasculine, nominative, plural
अपरोक्शdirectly visible / manifest
अपरोक्श:
Visheshana
TypeAdjective
Rootअपरोक्श
Formmasculine, nominative, plural
निशाचराःnight-roamers (demons)
निशाचराः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootनिशाचर
Formmasculine, nominative, plural
उच्छिष्टान्leftover-food-eaters / defiled by remnants
उच्छिष्टान्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootउच्छिष्ट
Formmasculine, accusative, plural
अशुचीन्impure
अशुचीन्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootअशुचि
Formmasculine, accusative, plural
क्षुद्रान्base / petty
क्षुद्रान्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootक्षुद्र
Formmasculine, accusative, plural
कथम्how?
कथम्:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootकथम्
हिंसथdo you harm / kill
हिंसथ:
TypeVerb
Rootहिंस्
Formpresent, second, plural, parasmaipada, indicative
मानवान्humans / men
मानवान्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootमानव
Formmasculine, accusative, plural

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhishma
N
niśācarāḥ (night-wanderers)

Educational Q&A

The verse frames an ethical inquiry into violence: even when the victims are described as impure or of low conduct, Bhishma demands a reasoned account of why harm is inflicted. It highlights that moral justification for hiṁsā must be examined, not assumed.

Bhishma addresses a group of manifest ‘night‑wanderers’ (niśācaras), respectfully calling them mahābhāgāḥ, and questions them about their practice of harming humans—asking both the manner (katham) and the motive (implicit ‘why’) behind such violence.