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Shloka 53

Ahiṃsā as Threefold Restraint (Mind–Speech–Action) and the Ethics of Consumption

प्राक्‌ श्वा भवति राजेन्द्र तत: क्रव्यात्तत: खर: । ततः प्रेत: परिक्लिष्ट: पश्चाज्जायति ब्राह्मण:

yudhiṣṭhira uvāca | prāk śvā bhavati rājendra tataḥ kravyāttataḥ kharaḥ | tataḥ pretaḥ parikliṣṭaḥ paścāj jāyati brāhmaṇaḥ ||

Yudhiṣṭhira nói: “Hỡi bậc đế vương giữa các đế vương, trước hết hắn sinh làm chó; rồi thành một loài ăn thịt (rākṣasa); rồi làm lừa. Sau đó, chết đi, trong thân phận preta bị dày vò, chịu nhiều khổ não, hắn mới được sinh lại trong dòng brāhmaṇa.” Câu kệ nhấn mạnh tội nặng của kẻ đệ tử ngu muội xúc phạm thầy, vẽ ra chuỗi tái sinh suy đọa và khổ cảnh sau chết trước khi trở lại làm người (brāhmaṇa).

प्राक्first/previously
प्राक्:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootप्राक्
श्वाdog
श्वा:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootश्वन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
भवतिbecomes
भवति:
TypeVerb
Rootभू
FormPresent, 3, Singular, Parasmaipada
राजेन्द्रO lord of kings
राजेन्द्र:
TypeNoun
Rootराजेन्द्र
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular
ततःthen/thereafter
ततः:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootततः
क्रव्यात्flesh-eater (rākṣasa/ghoul)
क्रव्यात्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootक्रव्यात्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
ततःthen
ततः:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootततः
खरःdonkey
खरः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootखर
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
ततःthen
ततः:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootततः
प्रेतःdeparted spirit/ghost
प्रेतः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootप्रेत
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
परिक्लिष्टःafflicted, greatly tormented
परिक्लिष्टः:
TypeAdjective
Rootपरिक्लिष्ट
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
पश्चात्afterwards
पश्चात्:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootपश्चात्
जायतिis born
जायति:
TypeVerb
Rootजन्
FormPresent, 3, Singular
ब्राह्मणःa Brahmin
ब्राह्मणः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootब्राह्मण
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular

युधिछिर उवाच

Y
Yudhiṣṭhira
R
rājendra (addressed king)
Ś
śvā (dog)
K
kravyāt (flesh-eater/rākṣasa-like being)
K
khara (donkey)
P
preta (departed spirit)
B
brāhmaṇa (brāhmaṇa birth)

Educational Q&A

The verse teaches that disrespecting or harming one’s teacher (guru-aparādha) is a grave ethical violation with severe karmic consequences, leading to degrading births and suffering in the preta state before eventual return to human birth.

Yudhiṣṭhira addresses a king (likely Bhīṣma’s interlocutor contextually) and states a karmic sequence: a foolish disciple who offends his teacher is reborn successively as a dog, then a flesh-eating being, then a donkey; after death he suffers as a preta, and only afterward attains birth as a brāhmaṇa.