Sutra 8

Devanagari script

तेन कर्षोत्तरा दण्डवृद्धिर्व्याख्याता ॥ कZ_०४.२.०८ ॥

Transliteration

tena karṣottarā daṇḍavṛddhir vyākhyātā

Translation

Theo quy tắc này, việc tăng dần mức phạt cho mỗi karṣa tăng thêm được giải thích.

Word by Word

• तेन: by that; thereby; with that (rule/measure)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक; तृतीया-एकवचन; नपुंसकलिङ्ग (instrumental sg. of तद्)

• कर्ष-उत्तरा: (fine-increment) in karṣa-steps; with karṣa as the higher increment
• Type: Adjective
• Root: कर्ष + उत्तर
• Form: समास; स्त्रीलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन; विशेषण (agreeing with दण्डवृद्धिः)

• दण्ड-वृद्धिः: increase of the fine/penalty
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड + वृद्धिः (√वृध्)
• Form: समास; स्त्रीलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन

• व्याख्याता: has been explained; has been set forth
• Type: Verb (past passive participle)
• Root: वि-आ-√ख्या (व्याख्या)
• Form: कृदन्त (क्त); प्रथमा-एकवचन; स्त्रीलिङ्ग (agreeing with दण्डवृद्धिः)

Entities Mentioned

• karṣa
• daṇḍa

More Details

FAQs

How should an administrator apply this ‘karṣottarā’ principle in practice?

Treat the stated fine as a base step and increase punishment in equal steps for each additional unit of deviation, ensuring proportional deterrence.