Sutra 1

Devanagari script

विक्रीय पण्यमप्रयच्छतो द्वादशपणो दण्डः अन्यत्र दोषोपनिपाताविषह्येभ्यः ॥ कZ_०३.१५.०१ ॥

Transliteration

vikrīya paṇyamaprayacchato dvādaśapaṇo daṇḍaḥ anyatra doṣopanipātāviṣahyebhyaḥ

Translation

Nếu sau khi bán hàng mà không giao hàng, thì phạt mười hai paṇa—trừ trường hợp (việc không giao) do khuyết tật, tai biến, hoặc hoàn cảnh bất khả kháng.

Word by Word

• विक्रीय: having sold; after selling
• Type: Verb (absolutive/gerund)
• Root: वि+क्री
• Form: कृदन्त; ल्यप् (क्त्वार्थे) अव्यय; ‘विक्रीय’ = ‘विक्रयम् कृत्वा/विक्रित्वा’

• पण्यम्: merchandise; goods for sale
• Type: Noun
• Root: पण्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; एकवचन; द्वितीया

• अप्रयच्छतः: of (a seller) who does not deliver (the goods)
• Type: Verb (present participle)
• Root: प्र+यम् (यच्छति)
• Form: वर्तमानकृदन्त; शतृ; परस्मैपदी; पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी एकवचन (सम्बन्धे) — ‘(तस्य) अप्रयच्छतः’ = ‘of one who does not deliver/give’

• द्वादशपणः: (a fine) of twelve paṇas
• Type: Numeral + Noun (amount)
• Root: द्वादश + पण
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; एकवचन; प्रथमा (दण्डस्य विशेषणम्)

• दण्डः: fine; punishment
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; एकवचन; प्रथमा

• अन्यत्र: except; otherwise than
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अन्यत्र
• Form: अव्यय; अपवादार्थे ‘except/in cases other than’

• दोषोपनिपाताविषह्येभ्यः: from (cases) where non-delivery is unavoidable due to the supervening occurrence of a defect
• Type: Adjective (from compound)
• Root: दोष + उपनिपात + अविषह्य
• Form: बहुव्रीह्यर्थे प्रयोगः सम्भवति; पुल्लिङ्ग/नपुंसकलिङ्ग; बहुवचन; पञ्चमी (अपादान/अपवाद) — ‘दोष-उपनिपात-अविषह्य’ = ‘(those) unavoidable due to the occurrence of a defect’

Entities Mentioned

• seller
• buyer
• paṇa (currency)

More Details

FAQs

How does this sutra balance enforcement with fairness?

It sets a predictable penalty for intentional non-performance while carving out exceptions for defects and uncontrollable events, reducing unjust punishment and stabilizing commerce.