Sutra 19

Devanagari script

तत्रारण्यो ग्राम्यः पर्वत औदको भौमः समो विषम इति विशेषाः ॥ कZ_०९.१.१९ ॥

Transliteration

tatrāraṇyo grāmyaḥ parvata audako bhaumaḥ samo viṣama iti viśeṣāḥ

Translation

Ở đó, các phân loại về lãnh thổ gồm: rừng, vùng định cư/canh tác, vùng núi; vùng nhiều nước, vùng dựa vào đất; vùng bằng phẳng và vùng gồ ghề.

Word by Word

• तत्र: there; in that context (i.e., among these)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तत्र
• Form: अव्यय (देशवाचक)

• आरण्यः: forest (type)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: अरण्य
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-एकवचन; विशेषण (ग्राम्यः इत्यस्य)

• ग्राम्यः: the village-type (settlement)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: ग्राम्य
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-एकवचन; मुख्यपदम् (वर्गीकरण-शीर्ष)

• पर्वतः: mountain (type)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: पर्वत
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-एकवचन; विशेषण (ग्राम्यः इत्यस्य)

• औदकः: watery; connected with water (type)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: उदक
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-एकवचन; तद्धित (औदक = उदकसम्बन्धी); विशेषण

• भौमः: terrestrial; of the land (type)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: भूमि
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-एकवचन; तद्धित (भौम = भूमिसम्बन्धी); विशेषण

• समः: even; level (type)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: सम
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-एकवचन; विशेषण

• विषमः: uneven; irregular (type)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: विषम
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-एकवचन; विशेषण

• इति: thus; ‘as follows’
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: इति
• Form: अव्यय; इत्यादि-समाप्त्यर्थक/उद्धरण-चिह्न

• विशेषाः: distinctions; specific varieties
• Type: Noun
• Root: विशेष
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-बहुवचन

Entities Mentioned

• forest zones
• villages/settlements
• mountains
• water bodies

More Details

FAQs

Why does Kautilya classify land types?

Different terrains require different policies for taxation, policing, fortification, transport, settlement, and resource extraction.

Give one governance implication of ‘āraṇya’ vs ‘grāmya’.

Forests tend to need frontier security, controlled extraction, and management of tribes/forest communities; settled zones prioritize revenue assessment, irrigation, and law-and-order in dense populations.