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Skanda Purana — Nagara Khanda, Shloka 4

Devanagari script

अश्मकुट्टाः स्थिताः केचिद्दंतोलूखलिनः परे । शीर्णपर्णाशनाः केचिज्जलाहारास्तथा परे । वायुभक्षास्तथैवान्ये तपस्तेपुः सुदारुणम्

Transliteration

aśmakuṭṭāḥ sthitāḥ keciddaṃtolūkhalinaḥ pare | śīrṇaparṇāśanāḥ kecijjalāhārāstathā pare | vāyubhakṣāstathaivānye tapastepuḥ sudāruṇam

Translation

کچھ لوگ پتھروں پر کوٹ پیس کر تپسیا کرتے تھے؛ کچھ دوسرے دانتوں ہی کو اوکھلی بنا لیتے تھے۔ کچھ جھڑے ہوئے پتّوں پر گزارا کرتے، کچھ صرف پانی پر رہتے، اور کچھ ‘ہوا کے بھکش’ بن کر—یوں نہایت سخت تپس انجام دیتے تھے۔

Word by Word
aśmakuṭṭāḥstone-pounders (austerity practitioners)
aśmakuṭṭāḥ:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootaśma-kuṭṭa (प्रातिपदिक; अश्मन् + कुट्ट)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन; तपस्वि-विशेषवृत्तिः (those who pound stones)
sthitāḥstood/remained
sthitāḥ:
Kriya (Predicate)
TypeVerb
Rootsthā (धातु)
Formक्त-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त; पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, बहुवचन
kecitsome
kecit:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootkecit (सर्वनाम; किम्+चित्)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन; अनिश्चितवाचक (some)
dantolūkhalinaḥthose with ‘tooth-mortar’ (austerity practitioners)
dantolūkhalinaḥ:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootdanta-ulūkhala-in (प्रातिपदिक; दन्त + उलूखल + इन्)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन; ‘having teeth as a mortar’ (austerity type)
pareothers
pare:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootpara (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन; ‘others’
śīrṇaparṇāśanāḥeaters of withered leaves
śīrṇaparṇāśanāḥ:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootśīrṇa-parṇa-āśana (प्रातिपदिक; शीर्ण + पर्ण + आशन)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन; ‘eaters of fallen leaves’
kecitsome
kecit:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootkecit (सर्वनाम; किम्+चित्)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन
jalāhārāḥwater-only feeders
jalāhārāḥ:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootjala-āhāra (प्रातिपदिक; जल + आहार)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन; ‘those whose food is water’
tathāthus/likewise
tathā:
Sambandha (Adverbial)
TypeIndeclinable
Roottathā (अव्यय)
Formअव्यय; प्रकारवाचक (thus/so)
pareothers
pare:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootpara (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन
vāyubhakṣāḥair-only feeders
vāyubhakṣāḥ:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootvāyu-bhakṣa (प्रातिपदिक; वायु + भक्ष)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन; ‘air-eaters’
tathālikewise
tathā:
Sambandha (Adverbial)
TypeIndeclinable
Roottathā (अव्यय)
Formअव्यय; समुच्चयार्थे (likewise)
evaindeed
eva:
Sambandha (Particle)
TypeIndeclinable
Rooteva (अव्यय)
Formअव्यय; अवधारण (indeed/just)
anyeothers
anye:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootanya (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचन
tapaḥausterity
tapaḥ:
Karma (Object/कर्म)
TypeNoun
Roottapas (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; द्वितीया विभक्ति, एकवचन; कर्म
tepuḥperformed
tepuḥ:
Kriya (Main action)
TypeVerb
Roottap (धातु)
Formलिट्-लकार (Perfect), प्रथमपुरुष, बहुवचन; परस्मैपदम्
sudāruṇamvery severe
sudāruṇam:
Viśeṣaṇa (Qualifier)
TypeAdjective
Rootsu-dāruṇa (प्रातिपदिक; सु + दारुण)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; द्वितीया विभक्ति, एकवचन; विशेषणम् (qualifying tapaḥ)
Speaker

Viśvāmitra

Tirtha Mahatmya

Tirtha: Himavān tapas-bhūmi (ugra-tapas locus)

Type: peak

Skanda Dialogue

Listener: Implied internal audience

Visual Art Cues

Scene: A dramatic panorama of multiple ascetic feats: some striking stones (aśma-kuṭṭa), some performing ‘dantolūkhalin’ (teeth-as-mortar) imagery, others eating only dry fallen leaves, others subsisting on water, and a few depicted as motionless in wind, symbolizing ‘vāyu-bhakṣa’; all under stark Himalayan cliffs.

Characters & Entities
Ṛ
Ṛṣis
T
Tapas (austerity)

FAQs

The sacred landscape is upheld by tapas; renunciation and endurance are portrayed as forces that sanctify a tīrtha.

The Himālaya āśrama-tīrtha milieu, characterized by communities of intense ascetics.

No formal rite; the verse catalogs austerity-modes (leaf-diet, water-only, breath-only) as penance disciplines.

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