Shloka 28

Adhyaya 31 — Naimittika and Related Śrāddha Rites: Sapiṇḍīkaraṇa, Eligibility, Timing, and Procedure

Sanskrit

कन्यादूषयिता वैद्यो गुरुपित्रोस्तथोज्झकः ।

भृतकाध्यापकोऽमित्रः परपूर्वापतिस्तथा ॥

Transliteration

kanyādūṣayitā vaidyo gurupitrostathojjhakaḥ | bhṛtakādhyāpako 'mitraḥ parapūrvāpatistathā ||

Translation

کنیا کو آلودہ کرنے والا، (اس سیاق میں ناپاک سمجھا گیا) طبیب، استاد یا باپ کو چھوڑ دینے والا، اجرت پر پڑھانے والا، دشمن، اور دوسرے مرد کی سابقہ بیوی کو اختیار کرنے والا—ایسے لوگ شرادھ کے اعمال میں قابلِ اجتناب ہیں۔

Word by Word

• कन्या-दूषयिता: one who defiles a maiden
• कन्या-दूषयिता: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कन्या (प्रातिपदिक) + दूषयितृ (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक, √दूष् धातु)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन; कृदन्त: तृच्/तृन्-प्रत्ययान्त कर्तृवाचक (agent noun) — Masculine, Nominative singular; agent-noun ‘one who defiles’

• वैद्यः: a physician
• वैद्यः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वैद्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular

• गुरु-पित्रोः: of (his) teacher and father
• गुरु-पित्रोः: सम्बन्ध (Sambandha/Genitive relation)
• Type: Noun
• Root: गुरु (प्रातिपदिक) + पितृ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी (6th), द्विवचन — Masculine, Genitive dual; dvandva ‘of (his) teacher and father’

• तथा: also/likewise
• तथा: सम्बन्ध/क्रियाविशेषण (Adverbial)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; प्रकारवाचक क्रियाविशेषण — Indeclinable adverb ‘likewise/also’

• उज्झकः: one who abandons/neglects (esp. prescribed duties)
• उज्झकः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: उज्झक (प्रातिपदिक; √उज्झ्/उत्सृज् धातु-सम्बद्ध)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular

• भृतक-अध्यापकः: a hired teacher
• भृतक-अध्यापकः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: भृतक (प्रातिपदिक) + अध्यापक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular; तत्पुरुष: भृतकस्य अध्यापकः ‘teacher for hire’

• अमित्रः: an enemy/hostile person
• अमित्रः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अमित्र (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular

• पर-पूर्व-आपतिः: one who has illicit prior access to another’s woman (adulterer)
• पर-पूर्व-आपतिः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पर (प्रातिपदिक) + पूर्व (प्रातिपदिक) + आपति (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular; तत्पुरुष: परस्य पूर्व-आपतिः ‘one who approaches another’s wife first/one who has illicit prior access’ (sense: adulterer)

• तथा: also
• तथा: सम्बन्ध/क्रियाविशेषण (Adverbial)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चय/पुनरुक्ति — Indeclinable ‘also’

Speakers

• Didactic narrator within the Purāṇic discourse (Śrāddha injunctions; frame-speaker not explicit in the given excerpt)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "dharma", "secondaryRasa": "raudra", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Dharma
• Pitṛ Pūjā
• Śrāddha
• Ritual purity and eligibility

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Śrāddha is framed as an ethically charged rite: the performer must honor ancestors through restraint and by choosing recipients whose conduct supports dharma. The exclusions emphasize sexual ethics, loyalty to elders/teachers, and integrity in learning.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

This passage belongs to āchāra/dharma instruction (not directly to sarga/pratisarga/vaṃśa/manvantara/vaṃśānucarita), functioning as ancillary dharma material within the Purāṇa.

What is the esoteric significance?

The ‘fitness’ of the recipient symbolizes the vessel-like nature of ritual transmission: offerings meant to elevate the pitṛs should pass through a mind-and-conduct aligned channel; adharma is portrayed as causing the rite to lose its intended subtle efficacy.