Shloka 10

Adhyaya 12 — The Son Describes the Narakas: Mahāraurava, Tamas, Nikṛntana, Apratiṣṭha, Asipatravana, and Taptakumbha

Sanskrit

तथान्यस्तु तमो नाम सोऽतिशीतः स्वभावतः ।

महारौरववद्दीर्घस्तथा स तमसा वृतः ॥

Transliteration

tathānyas tu tamo nāma so 'tiśītaḥ svabhāvataḥ /

mahāraurava-vad dīrghas tathā sa tamasā vṛtaḥ

Translation

اور ایک دوزخ ‘تَمَس’ کہلاتا ہے؛ اپنی فطرت میں نہایت سرد ہے۔ مہارَورَو کی مانند وسیع ہے اور گھپ اندھیرے میں لپٹا ہوا ہے۔

Word by Word

• तथा: thus/likewise
• तथा: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tathā (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय, क्रियाविशेषण (adverb)

• अन्यः: another (one)
• अन्यः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: anya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन

• तु: but
• तु: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/निपात)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tu (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय, अवधान/विरोधार्थक निपात (particle: but/indeed)

• तमः: darkness (Tamaḥ)
• तमः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tamas (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन

• नाम: named
• नाम: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/निपात)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: nāma (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय, नामनिर्देशक निपात (particle indicating name)

• सः: that/he
• सः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन

• अतिशीतः: very cold
• अतिशीतः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: ati + śīta (प्रातिपदिक-समास)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; उपसर्गपूर्वक-तत्पुरुष/उपपद (ati-śīta = ‘exceedingly cold’), विशेषणम् ‘सः/तमः’

• स्वभावतः: by nature
• स्वभावतः: Hetu (हेतु)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: svabhāva (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तसिल्-प्रत्ययान्त अव्यय (ablatival adverb), ‘स्वभाव’ + तः; कारण/हेतु-अर्थ (by nature)

• महारौरववत्: like (the hell) Mahāraurava
• महारौरववत्: Sambandha (उपमान)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: mahāraurava (प्रातिपदिक) + vat (तद्धित)
• Form: अव्ययवत्-प्रयोग (indeclinable-like comparative), ‘-वत्’ = ‘like’; उपमानवाचक (simile)

• दीर्घः: long/extended
• दीर्घः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: dīrgha (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; विशेषणम् ‘सः/तमः’

• तथा: and likewise
• तथा: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tathā (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय, क्रियाविशेषण

• सः: it/he
• सः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन

• तमसा: by darkness
• तमसा: Karana (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tamas (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, तृतीया विभक्ति, एकवचन

• वृतः: covered/enveloped
• वृतः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: √vṛ (धातु) + kta (कृत् प्रत्यय)
• Form: भूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (past passive participle/क्त), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; विशेषणम् ‘सः’

Speakers

• Unspecified in provided excerpt

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "bhayanaka", "secondaryRasa": "adbhuta", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Cosmology
• Naraka taxonomy
• Karma-phala

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Suffering is not only ‘fire-like’; moral disorder can culminate in lifeless coldness and isolation—an ethical warning against tamasic conduct (cruelty, inertia, delusion).

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Cosmological description used for moral instruction; adjacent to sarga-style mapping of worlds but functioning as naraka-varṇana (a common purāṇic didactic sub-genre).

What is the esoteric significance?

‘Tamas’ as darkness/cold points to consciousness obscured: when awareness is fully veiled, experience becomes numb, isolating, and fear-laden—spiritual entropy as punishment.