तस्यैवं वर्तमानस्य संप्राप्तं पश्चिमं वयः । अपुत्रस्य द्विजश्रेष्ठास्ततो दुःखं व्यजायत
tasyaivaṃ vartamānasya saṃprāptaṃ paścimaṃ vayaḥ | aputrasya dvijaśreṣṭhāstato duḥkhaṃ vyajāyata
เมื่อท่านดำเนินชีวิตเช่นนั้น กาลชราก็มาถึง และเพราะท่านไร้บุตร โอ้ผู้ประเสริฐในหมู่พราหมณ์ผู้เกิดสองครั้ง ความทุกข์จึงบังเกิดในใจท่าน
Narrator (addressing 'dvijaśreṣṭha'—listener is a brāhmaṇa; specific speaker not stated in the snippet)
Listener: Śaunaka and sages (implied; addressed as ‘dvija-śreṣṭhāḥ’)
Scene: An aged Gālava sits quietly at dusk in his āśrama, ritual fires low; his face shows restrained grief as he contemplates being without a son, while disciples stand at a respectful distance.
Even a virtuous life can carry worldly duties and concerns; the Purāṇas acknowledge the dharmic importance traditionally placed on lineage and continuity.
No tīrtha is named in this verse; it sets up the motive for seeking divine grace within the local kṣetra narrative.
None explicitly; the verse introduces the problem (aputratva) that will lead to worship and vrata.