Shloka 4

Devanagari script

हारपद्माकरवतीमुष्णीषवरफेनिलाम्‌ । धनु:शरध्वजोपेतां नरक्षुद्रकपालिनीम्‌

Transliteration

hārapadmākaravatīm uṣṇīṣavaraphenilām | dhanuḥśaradhvajopetāṃ narakṣudrakapālinīm ||

Translation

สัญชัยกล่าวว่า—กองทัพนั้นดูประหนึ่งสระที่เต็มด้วยดอกบัวและพวงมาลัย; อุษณีษอันงดงามดูดั่งยอดฟองสีขาว. แม้จะพรั่งพร้อมด้วยคันศร ลูกศร และธงชัย แต่มันกลับประหนึ่งแบกกะโหลกมนุษย์ที่เล็กและแหลกยับ—ดั่งพวงมาลัยแห่งความตายอันน่าสยดสยอง

Word by Word

हारपद्माकरवतीम्having a lake of lotuses (i.e., a cluster) of necklaces

उष्णीषवरफेनिलाम्foaming with excellent turbans (i.e., covered/strewn with them)

धनुःbow

शरarrow

ध्वजbanner/standard

उपेताम्endowed with; furnished with

नरक्षुद्रकपालिनीम्having small human skulls (as ornaments/strewn about)

Speaker

संजय उवाच

Characters & Entities

Sañjaya

bows (dhanuḥ)

arrows (śara)

banners/standards (dhvaja)

turbans (uṣṇīṣa)

garlands (hāra)

lotuses (padma)

skulls (kapāla)

Character Dynamics

Dharma Sankata (Moral Dilemma)

War Context

Verse Rasa (Emotional Essence)

Philosophical Teaching

Political Layer

Geographic Context

Meter (Chandas)

Sandhi Notes

Educational Q&A

What is the core teaching?

The verse underscores the ethical gravity of war: even when an army looks splendid—garlands, lotuses, bright turbans, banners—it simultaneously carries the shadow of death. The poetic contrast reminds the listener that martial glory and human destruction are inseparable in battle, urging sober awareness of the cost of kṣatriya action.

What is happening in the narrative?

Sañjaya is describing the battlefield host in vivid, layered similes. He portrays its beauty and order (garlands, lotus-lake imagery, shining turbans, standards) while also evoking its lethal outcome (skulls of men), intensifying the atmosphere as the Karṇa Parva battle continues.