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Shloka 231

गोमूल्यनिर्णयः — The Determination of Value through the Cow

Nahuṣa–Cyavana Episode

निषादो मदगुरं सूते दासं नावोपजीविनम्‌ | मृतपं चापि चाण्डाल: श्वपाकमिति विश्रुतम्‌

niṣādo madaguraṁ sūte dāsaṁ nāvopajīvinam | mṛtapaṁ cāpi cāṇḍālaḥ śvapākam iti viśrutam

ภีษมะกล่าวว่า “จากนิษาทะให้กำเนิดผู้ชื่อ ‘มทคุระ’; จากเขาเกิด ‘ทาสะ’ ผู้เลี้ยงชีพด้วยเรือ; จากสายนี้เกิดผู้ชื่อ ‘มฤตปะ’ และจากเขาเกิด ‘จาณฑาละ’ ผู้เป็นที่รู้จักอีกนามว่า ‘ศวปากะ’”

निषादःa Niṣāda (fisher/tribal man)
निषादः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootनिषाद
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
मदगुरम्a Madgura (a kind of fish)
मदगुरम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootमदगुर
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
सूतेproduces / begets
सूते:
TypeVerb
Rootसू (प्रसव/जनन)
FormPresent, Third, Singular, Parasmaipada
दासम्a Dāsa (servile man)
दासम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootदास
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
नावोपजीविनम्one who lives by boats (boatman)
नावोपजीविनम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootनाव-उपजीविन्
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
मृतपम्a Mṛtapa (one associated with corpses; a low-caste designation)
मृतपम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootमृतप
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
अपिalso
अपि:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअपि
चाण्डालःa Caṇḍāla
चाण्डालः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootचाण्डाल
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
श्वपाकम्a Śvapāka (dog-cooker; a low-caste designation)
श्वपाकम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootश्वपाक
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
इतिthus
इति:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइति
विश्रुतम्is well-known / is reputed
विश्रुतम्:
TypeAdjective
Rootवि-श्रु (धातु) → विश्रुत
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
N
Niṣāda
M
Madagura
D
Dāsa
N
Nāvopajīvin (boatman/ferryman)
M
Mṛtapa
C
Cāṇḍāla
Ś
Śvapāka

Educational Q&A

The verse catalogs traditional social labels linked to birth and livelihood, illustrating how classical dharma texts mapped communities and occupations. In the broader Anuśāsana context, such classifications are typically used to discuss norms of conduct, duties, and the consequences of actions within an inherited social framework.

Bhīṣma, instructing Yudhiṣṭhira, recites a sequence of named groups—Niṣāda → Madagura → Dāsa (boat-dependent) → Mṛtapa → Cāṇḍāla/Śvapāka—presented as a conventional genealogy of social categories. It functions as part of a didactic enumeration rather than a plot event.