Shloka 16

Adhyaya 78 — Hymn to Surya and the Distribution of Solar Splendour; Genealogy of Vaivasvata and Chaya’s Line

Sanskrit

यत्तस्य ऋङ्मयṃ तेजो भविता तेन मेदिनी ।

यजुर्मयेनापि दिवं स्वर्गः साममयṃ रवॆः ॥

Transliteration

yat tasya ṛṅ-mayaṃ tejo bhavitā tena medinī | yajur-mayenāpi divaṃ svargaḥ sāma-mayaṃ raveḥ ||

Translation

அவரது/அவளது ரிக்-ஸ்வரூபமான தேஜஸ் பூமியாக ஆனது. யஜுர்-ஸ்வரூபமான தேஜஸால் திவ் (வானுலகம்) உருவாயிற்று; சாமன்-ஸ்வரூபமானதே சூரியனாக ஆனது.

Word by Word

• यत्: that which
• यत्: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/relative)
• Type: Noun
• Root: यद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया, एकवचन; सम्बन्धसूचक (relative pronoun)

• तस्य: of him/that
• तस्य: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: षष्ठी-विभक्ति (Genitive/षष्ठी), एकवचन

• ऋक्-मयम्: Ṛgvedic / made of Ṛg
• ऋक्-मयम्: Visheshana (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: ऋक् (प्रातिपदिक) + मय (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तत्पुरुष (constitutive): ‘ऋग्’ + ‘मय’; नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया, एकवचन; विशेषण (to तेजः)

• तेजः: radiance
• तेजः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तेजस् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• भविता: will become
• भविता: Kriya (क्रिया/भविष्यदर्थ)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √भू (धातु)
• Form: तृच्-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त (agent noun/future sense: ‘one that will be’); पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; here used as भविष्यत्-भाव (will become)

• तेन: by that / through that
• तेन: Karana (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तृतीया-विभक्ति (Instrumental/तृतीया), एकवचन

• मेदिनी: the earth
• मेदिनी: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मेदिनी (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• यजुः-मयेन: by/with the Yajurvedic (one)
• यजुः-मयेन: Karana (करण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: यजुस् (प्रातिपदिक) + मय (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तत्पुरुष (constitutive): ‘यजुस्’ + ‘मय’; नपुंसकलिङ्ग/पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; here instrumental as qualifier (‘with/by the Yajur-made [radiance]’)

• अपि: also
• अपि: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अपि (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय/अपि-निपात (particle: ‘also/even’)

• दिवम्: heaven / the sky
• दिवम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दिव्/द्यौ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग (द्यौः; here ‘divam’ as acc sg), द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• स्वर्गः: Svarga (heaven)
• स्वर्गः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: स्वर्ग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; appositional/subject in second clause

• साम-मयम्: Sāma-made / Sāmavedic
• साम-मयम्: Visheshana (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: सामन् (प्रातिपदिक) + मय (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तत्पुरुष (constitutive): ‘सामन्’ + ‘मय’; नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया, एकवचन; (elliptically qualifying a neuter like तेजः)

• रवेः: of the Sun
• रवेः: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive)
• Type: Noun
• Root: रवि (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी-विभक्ति, एकवचन

Speakers

• Markandeya (narrator)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "adbhuta", "secondaryRasa": "shanta", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Primary Deities

• Devi (Supreme Goddess)
• Sun (Ravi)

Shakti Aspects

• Devi’s (or the supreme tejas’s) Vedic partitioning into cosmos

Key Themes

• Cosmology
• Vedic correspondences
• Shaktism
• Sacralization of cosmos

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The cosmos is interpreted as structured by sacred order (Veda). This supports a dharmic worldview where nature and ritual correspond, encouraging reverence for earth, sky, and sun as sacred manifestations.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Sarga: an account of cosmic formation via the distribution of primordial power into worlds and luminaries.

What is the esoteric significance?

The mapping of Ṛg/Yajus/Sāman onto earth/heaven/sun encodes a triadic cosmology: speech-hymn (Ṛg), sacrificial action (Yajus), and melodic resonance (Sāman) as three modes of reality.