Shloka 2

Adhyaya 10 — Jaimini’s Questions on Birth, Death, Karma, and the Embodied Journey

Sanskrit

कथं सञ्जायते जन्तुः कथं वा सविवर्धते ।

कथं वोदरमध्यस्थस्तिष्ठत्यङ्गनिपीडितः ॥

Transliteration

kathaṃ sañjāyate jantuḥ kathaṃ vā savivardhate |

kathaṃ vodaramadhyasthas tiṣṭhaty aṅganipīḍitaḥ ||

Translation

Como é concebida uma criatura, e como ela cresce? E como permanece no meio do ventre, comprimida pelos membros (da mãe e pelo seu próprio confinamento)?

Word by Word

• katham: how
• katham: Prashna (प्रश्न/interrogative)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: katham (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya (अव्यय), interrogative adverb (कथम्)

• sañjāyate: is born / comes into being
• sañjāyate: Kriyā (क्रिया/predicate)
• Type: Verb
• Root: jan (धातु) + sam- (उपसर्ग)
• Form: लट् (Present/लट्), प्रथमपुरुष (3rd person), एकवचन (Singular); आत्मनेपदम्

• jantuḥ: a creature, embryo
• jantuḥ: Karta (कर्ता/subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: jantu (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine, Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular

• katham: how
• katham: Prashna (प्रश्न)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: katham (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya, interrogative adverb

• vā: or
• vā: Samuccaya/Vikalpa (समुच्चय/विकल्प)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: vā (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya, conjunction/alternative particle (वा)

• sa-vivardhate: grows, develops
• sa-vivardhate: Kriyā (क्रिया/predicate)
• Type: Verb
• Root: vṛdh (धातु) + vi- (उपसर्ग) + sam- (उपसर्ग)
• Form: लट् (Present), प्रथमपुरुष (3rd), एकवचन; आत्मनेपदम्; sa- is upasarga ‘sam-’ (सं) in sandhi

• katham: how
• katham: Prashna (प्रश्न)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: katham (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya, interrogative adverb

• vā: and/or
• vā: Samuccaya/Vikalpa (समुच्चय/विकल्प)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: vā (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya, conjunction/alternative particle

• udara-madhya-sthaḥ: situated in the middle of the womb
• udara-madhya-sthaḥ: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: udara (प्रातिपदिक) + madhya (प्रातिपदिक) + stha (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine, Nominative (1st), Singular; तत्पुरुषः—‘udara-madhye sthitaḥ’ (situated in the middle of the belly/womb)

• tiṣṭhati: stands/remains
• tiṣṭhati: Kriyā (क्रिया/predicate)
• Type: Verb
• Root: sthā (धातु)
• Form: लट् (Present), प्रथमपुरुष (3rd), एकवचन; परस्मैपदम्

• aṅga-nipīḍitaḥ: pressed/strained in the limbs
• aṅga-nipīḍitaḥ: Kriyāviśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण/predicative)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: aṅga (प्रातिपदिक) + ni-pīḍita (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine, Nominative (1st), Singular; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त (PPP) ‘nipīḍita’ from √pīḍ (पीड्) with ni-; तत्पुरुषः—‘aṅgaiḥ nipīḍitaḥ’ (pressed by limbs)

Speakers

• Jaimini to the Birds (Dharmapakṣīs)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "adbhuta", "secondaryRasa": "shanta", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Embryology (Purāṇic/Āyurvedic style inquiry)
• Suffering in embodiment
• Origin of life
• Philosophical anthropology

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

By foregrounding the cramped vulnerability of gestation, the text cultivates vairāgya (dispassion) and compassion: embodied life begins in limitation, so pride and cruelty are irrational.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

This is ancillary teaching supporting Sarga/Pratisarga (creation and re-creation at the level of individual birth) rather than dynastic Vaṃśa narration.

What is the esoteric significance?

The womb symbolizes saṃsāra: the jīva is ‘pressed’ by guṇas and karmic forces, and liberation requires knowledge of the causes of embodiment, not mere fascination with its mechanics.