Rig Veda 4.2.1: Mandala 4, Sukta 2, Mantra 1

Sukta 4.2

Rishi: Vāmadeva Gautama (traditional attribution for RV 4.2)

Devata: Agni

Chandas: Triṣṭubh (probable for RV 4.2; this verse conforms to Triṣṭubh cadence)

Samhita Patha (Devanagari)

यो मर्त्येष्वमृत ऋतावा देवो देवेष्वरतिर्निधायि । होता यजिष्ठो मह्ना शुचध्यै हव्यैरग्निर्मनुष ईरयध्यै ॥

Transliteration

yó martyeṣv amṛ́ta ṛtā́vā devó devéṣv aratír nidhā́yi | hotā́ yájiṣṭho mahnā́ śucádhyai havyáir agnír mánuṣa īrayádhyai ||

Translation

ਜੋ ਮਰਤਿਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਅਮ੍ਰਿਤ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਋ਤਵਾਨ ਦੇਵ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਦੇਵਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਸਰਗਰਮ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਕ ਵਜੋਂ ਨਿਯੁਕਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ—ਉਹ ਅਗਨੀ, ਹੋਤਾ, ਯਜ्ञ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਯੋਗ ਹੈ। ਆਪਣੀ ਮਹਿਮਾ ਨਾਲ ਉਹ ਸ਼ੁਚਿਧੀ (ਦੀਪਤ ਬੁੱਧੀ) ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਜ੍ਵਲਿਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ; ਅਤੇ ਹਵਿਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਊਰਧ੍ਵ ਗਤੀ ਵੱਲ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ।

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Word by Word

• यः: who
• यः: सम्बन्ध/विशेष्य-निर्देशक (यः = ‘who’)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: यद्- (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)

• मर्त्येषु: among mortals
• मर्त्येषु: अधिकरण (among/in mortals)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मर्त्य-

• अमृतः: immortal
• अमृतः: कर्तृ (apposition to देवः)
• Type: Adjective (used substantively)
• Root: अमृत-

• ऋतावा: possessing ṛta / true to cosmic order
• ऋतावा: कर्तृ (apposition to देवः)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: ऋतावन्- (ऋत + वन्)

• देवः: the god (Agni)
• देवः: कर्तृ
• Type: Noun
• Root: देव-

• देवेषु: among the gods
• देवेषु: अधिकरण (among the gods)
• Type: Noun
• Root: देव-

• अरतिः: unfailing one / not negligent
• अरतिः: कर्तृ/विशेषणभाव (as ‘one who is not slack’, i.e., unremitting)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अरति-

• निधायि: was set/placed
• निधायि: क्रिया (predicate of the relative clause)
• Type: Verb
• Root: नि-धा (धातु: धा ‘to place’)

• होता: Hotṛ-priest / invoker
• होता: कर्तृ (apposition to अग्निः)
• Type: Noun
• Root: होतृ-

• यजिष्ठः: most worshipful / best sacrificer
• यजिष्ठः: कर्तृ-विशेषण
• Type: Adjective
• Root: यजिष्ठ- (superlative from यज्/यज्य ‘to worship/sacrifice’)

• मह्ना: by greatness / by might
• मह्ना: करण (by/with greatness)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मघन्/महन्- (instr. ‘by greatness, might’)

• शुचध्यै: to shine / to be pure (as purpose)
• शुचध्यै: प्रयोजन (in order to shine/be pure/bright)
• Type: Verbal noun / Infinitive-like form
• Root: शुचधि- (Vedic adj. ‘bright-minded/pure-minded’; here as infinitival purpose-form)

• हव्यैः: with oblations
• हव्यैः: करण (with oblations)
• Type: Noun
• Root: हव्य-

• अग्निः: Agni
• अग्निः: कर्तृ
• Type: Noun
• Root: अग्नि-

• मनुषे: for man / for mankind
• मनुषे: सम्प्रदान (for the man / for mankind)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मनुष्य-/मनु- (human; ‘for man’)

• ईरयध्यै: to rouse/impel (as purpose)
• ईरयध्यै: प्रयोजन (in order to rouse/impel)
• Type: Verb (infinitive/purpose)
• Root: ईरय् (causative of √ईर/√इर ‘to set in motion, rouse’)