Adhyakshaprachara Adhyaya 8 Sutra 21 - Arthashastra | Punjabi | Vedapath

Kautilya

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Sutra 21

Devanagari script

निर्वर्तनविषमः पिण्डविषमः वर्णविषमः अर्घविषमः मानविषमः मापनविषमः भाजनविषमः इति हरणोपायाः ॥ कZ_०२.८.२१f ॥

Transliteration

nirvartanaviṣamaḥ piṇḍaviṣamaḥ varṇaviṣamaḥ arghaviṣamaḥ mānaviṣamaḥ māpanaviṣamaḥ bhājanaviṣamaḥ iti haraṇopāyāḥ

Translation

ਇਹ ਗ਼ਬਨ/ਅਪਹਰਨ ਦੇ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਹਨ— ਨਿਰਵਰਤਨ (ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ/ਟਰਨਓਵਰ) ਵਿੱਚ ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬੀ; ਪਿੰਡ (ਥੋਕ ਲਾਟ) ਵਿੱਚ ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬੀ; ਵਰਣ (ਗ੍ਰੇਡ/ਵਰਗੀਕਰਨ) ਵਿੱਚ ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬੀ; ਅਰਘ (ਮੁੱਲਾਂਕਣ) ਵਿੱਚ ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬੀ; ਮਾਨ (ਮਿਆਰੀ ਮਾਪ) ਵਿੱਚ ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬੀ; ਮਾਪਨ (ਮਾਪਣ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ) ਵਿੱਚ ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬੀ; ਅਤੇ ਭਾਜਨ (ਪਾਤਰ/ਬਰਤਨ) ਵਿੱਚ ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬੀ।

Word by Word

निर्वर्तन-विषमःfraud by irregularity in finishing/processing (of goods)

पिण्ड-विषमःfraud by irregularity in the lump/mass (size or form)

वर्ण-विषमःfraud by irregularity in colour/appearance

अर्घ-विषमःfraud by irregularity in price/valuation

मान-विषमःfraud by irregularity in standard measure/weight

मापन-विषमःfraud by irregularity in the act/process of measuring

भाजन-विषमःfraud by irregularity in the vessel/container (measuring vessel)

इतिthus; as follows

हरण-उपायाःmethods of theft/defrauding

Entities Mentioned

inspectors of measures

storehouse staff

processors/artisans

FAQs

What is the governance insight behind listing many ‘viṣama’ types?

Kauṭilya treats corruption as operational: it occurs through process steps (grading, measuring, containerizing), so controls must exist at each step, not only at final totals.