Sutra 21

Devanagari script

पूर्वं पश्चाद्वाभिगतस्य साक्षिणः प्रमाणमसाक्षिके घातः कलहोपलिङ्गनं वा ॥ कZ_०३.१९.२१ ॥

Transliteration

pūrvaṃ paścād vābhigatasya sākṣiṇaḥ pramāṇam asākṣike ghātaḥ kalahopaliṅganaṃ vā

Translation

အရင် သို့မဟုတ် နောက် (ဖြစ်ရပ်အစဉ်အတိုင်း သက်ဆိုင်သလို) ခေါ်ယူမေးမြန်းထားသော သက်သေ၏ ထွက်ဆိုချက်ကို အထောက်အထားအဖြစ် ယူရမည်။ သက်သေမရှိလျှင် ဒဏ်ရာအမှတ်အသားများ သို့မဟုတ် ရန်ဖြစ်မှုကို ပြသသော အခြားလက္ခဏာများမှ အထောက်အထားကို ခန့်မှန်းယူရမည်။

Word by Word

• पूर्वम्: earlier; first; previously
• Type: Adverb
• Root: पूर्व
• Form: अव्यय (काल/क्रमवाचक)

• पश्चात्: afterwards; later
• Type: Adverb
• Root: पश्चात्
• Form: अव्यय (काल/क्रमवाचक)

• वा: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: अव्यय (विकल्पार्थक)

• अभिगतस्य: of the one who has come/appeared; of the arrived person
• Type: Participle (verbal adjective)
• Root: अभि√गम्
• Form: कृदन्त (क्त), पुं/नपुं?; षष्ठी एकवचन; ‘अभिगत’ = प्राप्त/आगत

• साक्षिणः: of the witness
• Type: Noun
• Root: साक्षिन्
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी एकवचन (साक्षिणः = साक्षिणः)

• प्रमाणम्: proof; evidence; valid authority
• Type: Noun
• Root: प्रमाण
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन

• असाक्षिके: in a witnessless case; where there is no witness
• Type: Adjective (used substantively)
• Root: अ-साक्षिक
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; सप्तमी एकवचन; ‘असाक्षिक’ = साक्षिरहित

• घातः: assault; striking; violence
• Type: Noun
• Root: घात
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा एकवचन

• कलह: quarrel; brawl
• Type: Noun
• Root: कलह
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा एकवचन (समाहार/सूची-शैली)

• उपलिङ्गनम्: indication; circumstantial sign; corroborative mark
• Type: Noun
• Root: उपलिङ्गन
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन

• वा: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: अव्यय (विकल्पार्थक)

Entities Mentioned

• witness (sākṣin)
• court
• parties

More Details

FAQs

What evidentiary principle is implied when no witness exists?

A pragmatic acceptance of circumstantial evidence—physical injuries and observable disturbance indicators can substitute for direct testimony.