Agni Purana — Sahitya-shastra, Shloka 32
Arthālaṅkāras (Ornaments of Meaning): Definitions, Taxonomy, and the Centrality of Upamā
ज्ञापकाख्यस्य भेदो ऽस्ति नदीपूरादिदर्शनात् अविनाभावनियमो ह्य् अविनाभावदर्शनात्
jñāpakākhyasya bhedo 'sti nadīpūrādidarśanāt avinābhāvaniyamo hy avinābhāvadarśanāt
«ဉာပက» (jñāpaka) ဟုခေါ်သော အညွှန်းသင်္ကေတ (inferential mark) အမျိုးအစားတစ်ခု သီးခြားရှိသည်ဟု ဆိုသည်—ရေကြီးသည့် မြစ်အဖြစ်အပျက်တို့ကဲ့သို့သော ဥပမာများမှ မြင်နိုင်သည်။ အမှန်တကယ်အားဖြင့် အပြတ်မခွာ ဆက်စပ်မှု (avinābhāva/vyāpti) ကို သတ်မှတ်တည်ငြိမ်စေခြင်းသည် ထိုအပြတ်မခွာ ဆက်စပ်မှုကို မြင်တွေ့သိမြင်ခြင်းမှ ပေါ်ပေါက်လာသည်။
Lord Agni (in discourse to Sage Vasiṣṭha, as per the common Agni Purāṇa dialogue frame)
Vidya Category: {"primary_vidya":"Philosophy","secondary_vidya":"Alamkara","practical_application":"Distinguishes ‘jñāpaka’ (indicator) as a special inferential mark and explains that vyāpti (invariable concomitance) is fixed by repeated observation; supports rigorous inference in debate and interpretation.","sutra_style":true}
Encyclopedic Reference: {"reference_type":"Definition","entry_title":"Jñāpaka-hetu and Vyāpti-niyama (fixing invariable concomitance)","lookup_keywords":["jñāpaka","hetu","vyāpti","avinābhāva","nadī-pūra"],"quick_summary":"Identifies a distinct inferential indicator (jñāpaka) illustrated by ‘river in flood’ type cases. Establishing vyāpti depends on observing avinābhāva (constant co-presence) and then regulating it as a rule."}
Alamkara Type: Dṛṣṭānta
Concept: Vyāpti is not arbitrary; it is stabilized (niyama) through observation of avinābhāva, and ‘jñāpaka’ is a recognized subtype of inferential sign.
Application: When arguing, separate (a) the sign that merely indicates a rule (jñāpaka) from (b) the sign used in a formal inference; insist on observed regularity before claiming vyāpti.
Khanda Section: Nyaya–Mimamsa (Hetu-vidya / Tarka-shastra: epistemology and inference)
Primary Rasa: adbhuta
Secondary Rasa: shanta
Type: River
Visual Art Cues: {"scene_description":"A river in flood is shown alongside a scholar explaining how repeated observation yields a rule of invariable concomitance; a scroll lists ‘avinābhāva → vyāpti-niyama’.","kerala_mural_prompt":"Kerala mural, dramatic swollen river with stylized waves, on the bank a rishi points to a palm-leaf chart reading avinābhāva and vyāpti, students seated, earthy pigments, temple-education ambience.","tanjore_prompt":"Tanjore style, gilded river waves and border, central teacher with gold highlights, a small golden panel showing logical arrows avinābhāva→vyāpti-niyama, rich jewel tones.","mysore_prompt":"Mysore painting, clean instructional composition: left panel river-flood example, right panel schematic of inference, fine lines and soft colors, clear Sanskrit labels.","mughal_miniature_prompt":"Mughal miniature, detailed landscape with flooded river and boats, scholars on terrace discussing, a calligraphed cartouche with ‘jñāpaka’ and ‘vyāpti’, delicate shading and perspective."}
Audio Atmosphere: {"recitation_mood":"instructional","suggested_raga":"Kalyani","pace":"medium","voice_tone":"instructional"}
Sandhi Resolution Notes: bhedaḥ + asti → bhedo 'sti; hi + avinābhāva- → hy avinābhāva-.
Related Themes: Agni Purana 343 (Nyāya–Mīmāṃsā/Hetu-vidyā section on inference and marks)
FAQs
It teaches hetu-vidyā (logic): how a ‘jñāpaka’ functions as an indicator in reasoning, and that vyāpti/avinābhāva is established through repeated observation of invariable correlation.
Beyond ritual and devotion, it preserves technical Nyāya-style epistemology—defining categories like jñāpaka and explaining how pervasion (vyāpti) is known—showing the text’s wide scope across philosophy and systematic knowledge.
By promoting correct knowledge and disciplined reasoning (yathārtha-jñāna), it supports dharmic discernment and reduces error-born actions, aligning conduct with truth and right understanding.