वृषभान्भारसंयुक्तान्मध्याह्नेवाहयत्तु सः । क्षुत्तृट्श्रमपरीतांश्च दुर्बलान्क्रूरमानसः
vṛṣabhānbhārasaṃyuktānmadhyāhnevāhayattu saḥ | kṣuttṛṭśramaparītāṃśca durbalānkrūramānasaḥ
Berhati kejam, dia menghalau lembu-lembu yang sarat beban walau pada tengah hari; makhluk lemah yang ditimpa lapar, dahaga dan keletihan.
Narrator (contextual; purāṇic narrator within Dharmāraṇya Khaṇḍa)
Scene: A harsh driver forces burdened oxen onward under the blazing midday sun; the animals droop with thirst and fatigue, dust rising from the path, foreshadowing divine retribution.
Cruelty and exploitation—especially toward the weak—are clear signs of adharma and define karmic degradation.
The verse supports Dharmāraṇya’s māhātmya by showing how the sacred realm exposes and judges adharmic conduct.
None; it describes the sinful behavior that qualifies the man as ‘caṇḍāla by deeds’.